1. Fill in the blank spaces in the chart: Within this assignment, imagine that you have been hired as a new hospital infection control manager and are immediately welcomed by the chief of staff and house super who have grave issues regarding a recent state of nosocomial infections within the facility and they need some assistance determining the statistics related to the prevalence and incidence of the infections to get a better grasp of what clinical and countermeasures need to be taken at the hospital next.
(Population = 82,438,000)
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Cause of Admission
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Number of admits
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Proportional Case Ratio (%)
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Cause-specific rate per 100,000
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Accidents and adverse effects
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26,526
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|
|
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Malignant neoplasms
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22,228
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|
|
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HIV infection
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21,747
|
|
|
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Diseases of the heart
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15,822
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|
|
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Homicide and legal intervention
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12,372
|
|
|
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Suicide
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12,281
|
|
|
|
Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
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4,449
|
|
|
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Cerebrovascular diseases
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3,343
|
|
|
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Diabetes mellitus
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2,211
|
|
|
|
Pneumonia and influenza
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2,203
|
|
|
2. Calculate the Relative Risk: An uptick in attempted suicides in teen boys has interested the State Health authorities and they are looking for some information on the data the hospital has received in the past calendar year. The common exposure factor here is a history of parental abuse.
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Suicide Attempt
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No Suicide Attempt
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History of Parental Abuse
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|
|
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No History of Parental Abuse
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|
|
Those who reported parental abuse:
14 had attempted suicide
9 had not attempted suicide
Those who had not reported parental abuse:
49 had attempted suicide
149 had not attempted suicide
Calculate the Relative Risk
3. Calculate the prevalence per thousand: 125 people out of 5000 have food poisoning. Determine the disease prevelance per 1000 people. (Show your work).
4. Calculate the incidence rate: 4,875 healthy people are tracked over a two-year period. Over that two-year period, 75 of those people develop a particular disease. Determine the incidence rate of disease over the study period? Show all your work.
5. Calculate the rate difference and provide an interpretation of the result: You conduct a study to assess the association of traffic accidents to the use of cellular phones while driving. Your study reveals that per 10,000 miles, the incidence of traffic accidents for people that were using their cellular phones is 11.1; and the incidence of accidents for people not using their cellular phones is 8.6. Detrermine the difference between accident rates for people that were driving and using their cellular phone versus those that were not using their phone while driving. Then write a paragraph or two explaining your findings or results.
6. Calculate category statistics: Autism is a disability that is characterized by a severely decreased ability to engage in communication and social interaction. A study was undertaken to establish the prevalence of Autism in a community. Data from this study are reported below:
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Children Diagnosed With Autism per Age Group
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Age Group
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Children With Autism
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3-5
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193,479
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6-10
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175,417
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a. Calculate the prevalence rate of autism for the two age categories.
b. Calculate the prevalence to a rate per 1,000.
7. Complete the following calculations and provide an explanation of your findings: A study of hypertension begins with 1,000 men (ages 40-45). Of the 1,000 men, 50 are already hypertensive. The remaining 950 are tracked over the span of five years, during which time 64 additional men develop hypertension. (Assume there is no loss to follow-up or death due to competing risks).
1. Determine the prevalence of hypertension at the beginning of the study.
2. Calculate the five-year incidence proportion (risk) of hypertension.
3. Calculate the incidence rate of hypertension in the cohort with and without an actuarial adjustment. Did the actuarial adjustment make a difference? Explain your answer.
8. Determine if the prevalence will increase or decrease: Write a few sentences that explain the effect that the following situations would have on a population (assume other dynamics of the population do not change).
1. Immigration of cases (unhealthy persons) into the population.
2. Emigration of cases (unhealthy persons) out of the population.
3. Emigration of healthy persons out of the population.
4. Immigration of healthy persons into the population.
5. Increase in the fatality rate among the cases (unhealthy persons).
9. Complete the calculations:
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Population Size
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255,078,000
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Approximate number of live births
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4,065,014
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Number of deaths (all ages)
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2,175,631
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Approximate number of deaths in infants under 1 year of age
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34,553
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1. Compute the birth rate per 1,000.
2. Compute the overall death rate per 100,000.
3. Compute the infant mortality rate per 1,000.
10. Review the chief resident's conclusion on the following data and make a comment regarding the validity of the conclusion (include reasons why or why not): Your local hospital reports some data on accidents presenting in their emergency room and has broken down the data for 82 patients who have presented to the emergency department in the past year (use the following table):
Based on this data, the chief resident has concluded that "the data concludes that the age group containing persons age 62 and older are the most prone to accidents.The category that holds the second greatest risk is 6-14 year olds."
Comment on the chief resident's misinterpretation of the data:
|
Age in Years
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Number of Accidents
|
|
0-2
|
5
|
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3-5
|
6
|
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6-14
|
18
|
|
15-21
|
8
|
|
22-31
|
5
|
|
32-41
|
8
|
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42-51
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7
|
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52-61
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4
|
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62 and over
|
21
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11. The following vital statistics are demonstrated within a population:
Total mid-year population = 25,000.
Population 65+ years old = 2,500.
Number of live births = 300.
Total deaths (for all causes) = 250.
Deaths in infants less than 1 year old = 3.
Deaths in persons 65+ years old = 75.
Complete the following calculations:
1. Calculate the birth rate per 1,000.
2. Calculate the mortality rate per 1,000.
3. Calculate the infant mortality rate per 1,000.
4. Calculate the mortality rate for 65+ years old per 1,000.
12. Calculate the odds ratio of neural tube defects in pregnant women taking folic acid as a supplement. Interpret your findings:
|
|
Neural Tube Defect (+)
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Neural Tube Defect (-)
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Total
|
|
Folic Acid (+)
|
10
|
10,703
|
10,713
|
|
Folic Acid (-)
|
11
|
3,146
|
3,157
|
|
Total
|
21
|
13,849
|
13,870
|