Consider the following data related to the financial performance of Royal Company.
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Between 2009 and 2012, income increased by 63 percent, showing a significant increase in income each year. In light of this performance, the board of directors has awarded large bonuses to senior executives. However, the stock price has fallen from $65 per share in 2009 to $47 per share at the end of 2012.
Required:
a. Calculate ROI for each year. To simplify the calculation, assume that there is no interest expense and there are no non interest-bearing current liabilities (thus, net income equals NOPAT and total assets are a reasonable measure of investment).
b. Explain why the stock price has dropped and why rewarding managers based on increases in profit can lead to over investment.
c. Calculate economic value added for 2009 to 2012 using a cost of capital (required return) of 9.5 percent. Does performance measured in terms of EVA help explain the decline in stock price?