When asked to explain the meaning of "the P-value was P = 0.03," a student says, "This means there is only probability 0.03 that the null hypothesis is true."
Explain what P = 0.03 really means in a way that makes it clear that the student's explanation is wrong.
A. P = 0.03 means that the outcome is at least 3% higher among one group than among the other group.
B. P = 0.03 means that there is a probability of 0.03 that the null hypothesis is false.
C. P = 0.03 means that the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually observed, is 0.03.
D. P = 0.03 means that the probability, assuming the null hypothesis is true, that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually observed, is less than 0.03.