Although cervical cancer is not a major cause of death among American women, it has been suggested that virtually all such deaths are preventable. In an e¤ort to find out who is being screened for the disease, data from the 1973 National Health Interview (a sample of the U.S. population) were used to examine the relationship between Pap testing and some socioeconomic factors. Table E1.21 provides the percentages of women who reported never having had a Pap test. (These are from met- ropolitan areas.)
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TABLE E1.21
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|
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Age and Income
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White
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Black
|
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25-44
|
|
|
|
Poor
|
13.0
|
14.2
|
|
Nonpoor
|
5.9
|
6.3
|
|
45-64
|
|
|
|
Poor
|
30.2
|
33.3
|
|
Nonpoor
|
13.2
|
23.3
|
|
65 and over
|
|
|
|
Poor
|
47.4
|
51.5
|
|
Nonpoor
|
36.9
|
47.4
|
(a) Calculate the odds ratios associated with race (black versus white) among
(i) 25-44 nonpoor
(ii) 45-64 nonpoor
(iii) 65þ nonpoor
Briefly discuss a possible effect modification, if any.
(b) Calculate the odds ratios associated with income (poor versus non- poor) among
(i) 25-44 black
(ii) 45-64 black
(iii) 65þ black
Briefly discuss a possible effect modification, if any.
(c) Calculate the odds ratios associated with race (black versus white) among
(i) 65þ poor
(ii) 65þ nonpoor
Briefly discuss a possible effect modification.