According to the principle of parsimony


According to the principle of parsimony, the evolution of the 4-chambered heart should placed birds and mammals in the same clade. Why does the most accepted evolutionary tree show them as separate branches from the reptilian line?
Explain the reason behind the statement " Evolution is not goal or oriented?
The first appearance of free oxygen in the atmosphere triggered a massive wave of extinctions among prokaryotes of the time. Why? 

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Biology: According to the principle of parsimony
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