Do red states (U.S. states whose residents tend to vote Republican) have different voter turnouts than blue states (U.S. states whose residents tend to vote Democratic)? The accompanying table shows voter turnouts (in percentages) for the 2004 presidential election for eight randomly selected red states and eight randomly selected blue states.
![2243_different voter turnouts than blue states.png](https://secure.tutorsglobe.com/CMSImages/2243_different voter turnouts than blue states.png)
a. What is the independent variable, and what are its levels? What is the dependent variable?
b. Is this a between-groups or within-groups design? Explain.
c. Conduct all six steps of hypothesis testing for a Mann-Whitney U test.
d. How would you present these statistics in a journal article?