Baxter International Inc. (USA) established the following environmental goals in 1997 for 2005: global targets to cut packaging, energy consumption, toxic emissions to the air and the generation of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes. Relevant estimates are provided in Table 6.15.
|
Reduction goal*%
|
Base Year
|
Savings+
|
|
Reduce air toxic emissions
|
80
|
1996
|
4
|
|
Reduce generation of hazardous and regulated waste
|
35
|
1996
|
3
|
|
Reduce generation of non-hazardous waste
|
35
|
1996
|
25
|
|
Improve energy efficiency
|
10
|
1996
|
13
|
|
Reduce packaging materials
|
20
|
1995
|
35
|
* Per unit of production † Estimated annual savings and cost avoidance in 2005 were the goal to be achieved (in $ millions)
a What are the total estimated annual savings and cost avoidance for Baxter International from environmental improvements in 2005?
b Are these savings driven by commercial or environmental management considerations? Discuss.