A wastewater disposal well for carrying various wastes at different times is drilled into a formation of limestone (CaCO3), and the wastewater has time to come to complete equilibrium with the calcium carbonate before leaving the formation through an underground aquifer. Of the following components in the wastewater, the one that would not cause an increase in alkalinity due either to the component itself or to its reaction with limestone, is (a) NaOH, (b) CO2, (c) HF, (d) HCl, (e) all of the proceeding would cause an increase in alkalinity.