A naturally-aspirated, direct-injection, four-stroke diesel engine has a total displacement volume of 10L, 125 mm bore and 16.3:1 compression ratio. The engine produces a maximum of 210 kW at 2100 RPM. Assuming that the intake air is at 45°C and 22.5 g/s of air flow into each cylinder:
a) Calculate the volume in each cylinder when the piston reaches TDC.
b) Calculate the volumetric efficiency when the piston speed is 9 m/s.
c) Identify a dynamic factor that reduces volumetric efficiency at high engine speeds. FULLY explain how and why the selected parameter affects the engine volumetric efficiency.