1. What is the effect of a dropped ciphertext block (e.g., if the trabsmitted ciphertext c1, c2, c3, . . . is received as c1, c3, . . .) when using the CBC, OFB, and CTR modes of operation?
2. 3 Say CBC-mode encryption is used with a block cipher having a 256-bit key and 128-bit block length to encrypt a 1024-bit message. What is the length of the resulting ciphertext?