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  Process of graft rejection

Process of graft rejection: (Allograft):

Whenever the graft or tissue includes two genetically different members of the similar species, graft rejection takes place since the antigens of the graft and host being different, the immune response of the host discards the graft. The graft dies, decays and is removed from the host. The host also responds to the graft and displays the following symptoms.

1. Skin rashes,
2. Fluid accumulation in spleen and enlargement (i.e., Splenomegaly),
3. Emaciation (becoming thin),
4. Diarrhoea,
5. Hepatomegaly,
6. Anaemia and general immune suppression,
7. Damage in bile ducts,
8. Increased bilirubin synthesis and so on.


Both cell mediated and humoral immune reactions follow in rejection. Sensitized T cells (i.e., lymphocytes), macrophages, plasma cells are all included in the primary or initial set refusal. In the secondary or second set reaction, B cells (i.e., B lymphocytes) and their antibodies are included. In the cell mediated reaction substances like interleukin 1 (IL-1), Interleukin–2 (IL-2) and so on take part. The final lysis of the graft is attained by lymphotoxins or TNF (i.e., Tumor necrosis factors) or proteolytic enzymes.

In clinical fields, graft refusal is prevented by:

1. Blood groups opinion (ABO and Rh) in the host,
2. Testing the occurrence of cytotoxic antibodies in the host serum,
3. Cross matching of tissues (i.e., Host Vs graft) previous to transplantation,
4. Providing immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin and steroids and so on to the host,
5. Net lymphoid tissue irradiation and so on.

In latest years, the cloning technology guarantees to bring solution to the troubles of graft or tissue refusal in transplantation surgery. By stem cell technology and cloning of cells, organ culture is possible. Organs cultured from similar embryo or individual are safe and priceless for transplantation surgery.

 

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