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  Karyotyping of Human chromosomes

Karyotyping of Human chromosomes:

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                                Figure: Karyotyping of human chromosomes-pairs of chromosomes through metaphase

The 23 pairs of chromosomes in human are categorized into seven groups namely, A-G based on position of centromere.

Group A:
This group comprises the largest chromosomes 1, 2 and 3. These are metacentric with centromere originate in center with two equivalent arms.

Group B:
This group symbolizes chromosomes 4 and 5 that are submetacentric with two unequal arms.

Group C:

This is the biggest group having chromosomes 6,7,8,9,10,11,12 and X. These are of average size and submetacentric. The X chromosome looks like the chromosome 6 in this group.

Group D:

These are average sized chromosomes with nearly (i.e., acrocentric) terminal centromeres. The chromosomes 13, 14 and 15 are kept in this group.

Group E:

It consists of chromosomes 16, 17 and 18. They are shorter and meta or submetacentric.

Group F:

Shorter metacentric chromosomes 19 and 20 symbolize this group.

Group G:

This group includes the very short acrocentric chromosomes 21, 22 and Y belongs to this grouping.

Uses:

1. Karyotyping helps to recognize the sex of individuals via amniocentesis.

2. Genetic diseases in human beings can be identified by this method. When a disease is detected, the medical counseling for termination of pregnancy and abortion of such foetus can be completed.

3. By characterizing the common karyotype, the chromosomal abnormalities like duplication, deletion, translocation, non-disjunctions and the consequent aneuploids could be perceived.

 

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