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  Insulin

Insulin:

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone or a protein hormone with 51 amino acid residues. Human insulin has a molecular weight of 5,734 daltons. It has two chains A and B that are linked altogether by disulphide bridges formed among two cystine residues.

Physiological effects of Insulin:

It reduces glucose level in the blood in three manners as follows:

1. It raises conversion of glucose into glycogen and deposition of it in muscles and liver.

2. It raises the rate of oxidation of glucose in tissues.

3. It raises the rate of conversion of glucose into fat and it facilitates storage in adipose tissue.

4. It regulates the rate at which the amino acids are catabolised into CO2 and water.

5. Moderately, it regulates the gluconeogenesis in liver.

Therefore, insulin decreases the glucose level in the blood (i.e., Hypoglycemia). When the insulin is not secreted adequately, the liver and the muscles are unable to transform the glucose into glycogen. As an outcome more glucose enters into the bloodstream increasing the blood sugar level. This situation is termed as Hyperglycemia. The excess of glucose is removed all along with the urine resultant in a disease termed as diabetes mellitus. A diabetic patient excretes large quantity of urine (i.e., polyurea) and consumes excessive fluid (i.e., polydipsia). He always feels hungry and eats exceptionally (i.e., polyphagia).

Whenever insulin levels are low, fat catabolism is raised and fats are transformed into glucose. This further raises blood glucose levels and outcomes in the accumulation of ketone bodies (i.e., Ketosis).

 

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