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  Innate Immunity

Innate Immunity (Non-specific):

Innate immunity includes all those natural defense mechanisms with which an organism is protected from infection. As an approach, innate immunity consists of different kinds of barriers which prevent entry of foreign agents into the body. The pathogens which enter into the body are rapidly killed by some components of the immune system. This is the primary line of defense in most animals. Innate immunity has four types of barriers as follows:

1. Anatomical Barriers:

Such barriers block the entrance of organisms into the body. The skin and the mucous membrane lining the respiratory and intestinal and also the reproductive passages comprise the barriers. Mucous material traps foreign microorganisms. The ciliary movements generated by the epithelial lining cells eject out micro-organisms from the body.

2. Physiological Barriers:

Factors such as body temperature, pH and various body secretions, prevent the development of pathogenic micro-organisms. For illustration, fever response inhibits growth of most of the pathogens. Acidity of stomach contents due to HCl secretion kills ingested micro-organisms. Lysozyme present in secretions, like tears and saliva, digest bacterial cell walls. Many cells, such as WBC, whenever infected with a virus, respond by discharging anti viral proteins, termed as interferons. Interferons, in turn, form the cells in the vicinity resistant to viral infections. As an outcome, the concerned person exhibit raised resistance to viral infections.

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                                                      Figure: Phagocytosis

3. Phagocytic Barriers:

Phagocytosis is a significant method of innate immunity. It is executed by leucocytes. In response to pathogenic infections, the net count of leucocytes will raise sharply. Humans have wandering phagocytes which circulate during the body. The most significant phagocytes are the macrophages and the neutrophils.

Macrophages are big irregular-shaped cells which engulf microbes, viruses and cellular debris. In reply to an infection, monocytes are discharged at the place of infection. Such monocytes acquire transformed into macrophages. Such cells are given with bacteriolytic enzymes and free radicals that demolish the pathogens.

4. Inflammatory Barriers:

Generally an infection or tissue damage outcomes in redness and swelling, all along with pain and production of heat which might outcome in fever. The above phenomenon is termed as inflammatory response. This response takes place due to discharge of chemical alarm signals, notably histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins, by the injured mast cells. At the place of inflammation there might be leakage of vascular fluid that has serum proteins with antibacterial activity. Moreover, there is an influx of phagocytic cells into the affected region. Such responses inhibit and destroy the invading microorganisms.

In addition to the phagocytes, natural killer cells (i.e., NK cells) (T Lymphocytes) kill virus-infected cells and some tumor cells of the body by forming perforin-lined pores in the plasma membrane of the target cells. Such pores permit entry of water into the target cell, which then swells and bursts.

 

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