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  Immune system disorders

Immune system disorders:

The immune system is a multi-component interactive system. It efficiently protects the host from different infections. Though an improper functioning of the immune system can cause disease, discomfort, or even death.

The improper functions fall into following main groups:

  • Hypersensitivity or allergy,
  • Auto-immune diseases, and
  • Immunodeficiency.



(1) Hypersensitivity:

Allergies outcome from an unsuitable and excessive immune response to general antigens. Substances which cause allergies are termed as allergen; they comprise moulds, dust, pollen, certain foods, and some medicines (like penicillin). Allergy includes mainly IgE antibodies and histamine. The mast cells secrete histamine. A general manifestation of allergy is asthma. Sometimes an allergen might cause a sudden, aggressive and fatal reaction in a sensititive individual; this is termed as anaphylaxis.

(2) Autoimmune diseases:

Autoimmune diseases outcome whenever the immune system attacks and demolishes “self” cells and molecules. This situation can cause chronic and serious diseases. Illustrations of autoimmune diseases are insulin-dependent diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and so on. Multiple sclerosis is caused by antibodies which attack the myelin sheath of nerve cells.

(3) Immunodeficiency diseases:

Immunodeficiency Diseases outcome from a defect in one or more components of innate or adaptive immunity. Affected individuals are vulnerable to diseases which normally would not bother most people. Immunodeficiency might outcome from gene mutations, malnutrition, infections, or accidents.

a. Severe combined immunodeficiency (i.e., SCID) outcomes from one of many genetic defects; one such genetic deficiency leads to adenosine deaminase deficiency. SCID is characterized by a low number of circulating thymocytes. Affected individuals generally die at an early age.

b. AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is the other illustration for immunodeficiency disease. It is caused by a retrovirus, termed as human immunodeficiency virus (i.e., HIV). Retroviruses contain RNA genomes which are replicated through DNA copies. HIV selectively infects and kills T-helper cells.

The reduction of T-helper cells weakens the acquired immune response and might even abolish it totally. The viral RNA genome is transformed into DNA copy by the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase. The DNA copy of HIV inserted into the human chromosome and replicates with the cell DNA. It might be transcribed to generate RNA copies of the viral genome.

The RNA copies are packaged and released as virus particles. The infected cell is lysed in this procedure, and the released virus particles infect the new T- helper cells.

 

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