Genetic drift

Genetic drift or Sewal Wright effect:

This theory was introduced by Sewall Wright in the year1930. It is concerned with the gene frequency of a reproducing small population. In small population not all the alleles that are representatives of that species might be present. Therefore the procedure of inheritance is in violation of Hardy-Weinberg law. In such a small population a chance event might raise the frequency of a character which has little adaptive value. Therefore the genetic drift might remain an important factor in the origin of new species on islands and other isolated populations. Due to the loss of alleles having low frequency, quantity of genetic variation might get decreased in small populations. Further, continual mating in such populations might cause reduce in the proportion of heterozygotes and rise in the number of homozygotes. Though the small population as an entire might develop characters distinct from that found in the main population. These deviations might even lead to speciation or creation of a new species.

Whenever a small class of individuals due to genetic drift becomes founders of a new population the phenomenon is known as ‘founder principle’. The new population frequently has genotype frequencies distinct from the parent population.

At times genotypic frequencies might get changed in a small population isolated temporarily due to the natural calamities. Whenever the population recovers its original size the members of the small population might have diverged genetically from the original parental population. Therefore interbreeding among members of small and large populations might not be possible. The small population might have evolved into a new species. This kind of genetic drift is termed to as bottleneck effect.

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