Freshwater shortages

Freshwater shortages:

At least one billion people or almost 20 % of the world’s population, lack safe drinking water. The W.H.O. considers 53,000 gallons of high-quality water per year to be the minimum for a healthful life. Some forty countries (involving island nations, Middle East countries) in the world fall beneath this level.

Reasons for freshwater shortages

1. Natural forces:

Deficits are caused by natural forces like poor rain fall and hot winds, rivers changing courses.

2. Human causes:

Comprise raised population, quick urbanization, over grazing by cattle, inappropriate cultivation techniques, and poor sewage systems, insufficient finances for giving infra structures.

3. Depleting ground water:

Ground water is the source of almost 40 % water for agricultural and domestic utilization in most of the countries. Almost 95% of rural population based on groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes. Over the utilization of the supplies causes numerous kinds of problems, involving drying of wells, natural springs and vanishing of surface water features like rivers, wetlands, and lakes.

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                                                                Figure: Depletion of ground water


In several parts of the world, groundwater is being withdrawn from aquifers quicker than natural recharge can substitute it. On a local stage this causes a level of depression in the water table. A heavily pumped well can lower the ground water table and hence nearby shallower wells go dry.  On a broader scale, heavy pumping can reduce an entire aquifer. Most aquifers have slow recharge rates; therefore it will take thousands of years to refill them once they were bared.

4. Salt water intrusion:

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Many portions of the world are losing freshwater sources due to salt water intrusion. Over utilization of underground freshwater reservoirs frequently permits salt water to intrude into aquifers and affect the water table.

5. Loss of free flowing rivers:

Loss of free flowing rivers which are either drowned by reservoir impoundments or turned into linear, sterile irrigation channels is yet different cause for fresh-water crisis.

6. Evaporations, leakage and siltation:

It occurs in freshwater lakes, ponds and dams.

 

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