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  Bacterial Genetics

Bacterial Genetics:

In bacteria the cells contain single circular strand of DNA. It is not related with proteins as are eukaryotic chromosomes. The bacterial genes, such as the eukaryotic genes possess the features of phenotype expression, replication, mutation and genetic recombination and so on. In bacteria the genetic recombination outcomes from three kinds of gene transfer namely, conjugation, transduction and transformation.

Conjugation includes the transfer of some DNA from one bacterial cell to the other followed by the separation of the mating pair of cells. In this, big segments of the chromosomes and in special situations the whole chromosome might be transferred.

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                                                                   Figure: Bacterial conjugation

Bacterial transformation is a procedure in which cell free or naked DNA having the genetic information is transferred from one bacterial cell to the other. It was discovered by an English health officer, Griffith in 1928. The transforming principle was recognized as DNA by Avery Macleod and Mc Carthy in the year 1944.

In transduction, bacteriophages perform as a vector, transferring a part of DNA from one bacterium (i.e., donor) to another (i.e., recipient). If all fragments of bacterial DNA have a chance to enter a transducing phage, the procedure is termed as generalized transduction. On the contrary if a few restricted genes of the bacterial chromosomes are transuded by bacterioph- age, it is termed as specialized transduction.

 

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