The Evolution of Various Programming Languages
1. Early History
2. Early Modern History
3. A Brief Historical Perspective
The earliest known algorithms were discovered on clay tables which were unearthed by archaeologists. These tablets date between 1500-3000 B.C, and they were approximately 3500 to 5000 years old. They were found in the area called Mesopotamia ( Iraq ) near the ancient city of Babylon which is near the modern city of Baghdad. The Babylonians used the sexagesimal numbers system radix 60 and from their work, came our current notion about hours, minutes and seconds. They also used a form of floating point notation, so that the three digit sexagesimal number 8,50,36,could stand for,
8×602+50×60+36=31,836
Or for
8×60+50+36/60=530.6
Or in general for
8× 60 k+ 50 × 60k-1+ 36× 60k-2= 31836× 60k-2
Using base 60multiplication and division operation can be done fairly easily and estimation of the magnitude within a factor of sixty is not too hard. In addition to producing mathematical tables the Babylonians could save algebraic equations by giving an algorithm which computed the solution.
Though other ancient people developed advanced mathematical concepts and rotations no one improved upon the Babylonians for developing a notation which could be used to describe computational processes. But one other person Euclid stated an algorithm for computing the Greatest common divisor of two integers.
Early Modern History
The next group of researchers are those 19th and early 20th century scientists who were interested in machines for computation.
The first of these is Charles Babbage who, between 1820 and 1850 designed two machines for computation. One relied on the theory of finite differences and so he called it his difference engine. Second one embodied many of the principles of a modern digital computer and this he called his analytical engine. But one concept it lacked was the idea of a stored program i.e. the program and data both being kept in the computer memory.
One of the people who collaborated with Babbage was Ada Augusts. She has recently been recognized as the first programmer and the new programming language developed under the sponsorship of the united states Defence department.
A Leap Forward The 1930s and 1940s witnessed a creative explosion in programming notations. Some of these were theoretical in the sense that they were not intended to be used for actual calculations on a real computer. Many others did important work and some even developed compilers for their languages.
A Brief historical Perspective
As we have seen that in the early days of computing. The computer was used mainly in scientific applications. An application was programmed by one person. The problem to be solved was well understood and requirement analysis design or maintenance phases were not needed. Therefore a programming language only need to support one programmer who was programming. But then to use more sophisticated environment the need for teams of programmers arose to develop all phases of the software development life cycle. In addition to it economic considerations forced people to enhance an existing system to meet the newly recognized needs because the old system could not be thrown away. With this the program maintenance and system reliability because the important issue and two factors were required to be concentrated that:
Systems were being developed for users with little or no computer background.
System were mow being applied uncritical areas such as chemical or Nuclear poser plants and patient monitoring where system failures can be disastrous.
Now we will proceed further in the evolution of programming languages by considering the following evolution categories:
1. Early High Level Languages
2. Early Schisms
3. Consolidation
4. The Next Leap Forward
5. The Experimental70s
6. The 80 s and Object Orientation
7. The Current Stage
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