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  Various Programming Languages

The Evolution of Various Programming  Languages

1. Early History

2. Early Modern History

3. A Brief Historical Perspective

1. Early History

The earliest known algorithms  were  discovered on clay tables which  were unearthed by  archaeologists. These  tablets  date between 1500-3000 B.C, and  they  were  approximately 3500 to 5000 years old. They were found in the area called Mesopotamia ( Iraq ) near the ancient city of Babylon which  is near  the modern city of Baghdad. The Babylonians  used the  sexagesimal numbers system radix 60 and from their work, came our  current  notion about hours, minutes and seconds. They also used a form  of floating point  notation, so  that the  three digit  sexagesimal number 8,50,36,could  stand for,

8×602+50×60+36=31,836

Or for

8×60+50+36/60=530.6

Or in general for

8× 60 k+ 50 ×  60k-1+ 36× 60k-2= 31836× 60k-2

Using base 60multiplication and division operation can be  done fairly easily and estimation of the magnitude within a factor of sixty is not too hard. In addition to producing mathematical tables the Babylonians could save algebraic equations by  giving  an algorithm which  computed the solution.

Though other  ancient people developed advanced mathematical concepts and rotations no one  improved upon  the Babylonians for  developing  a notation which could be used to describe computational processes. But  one other  person Euclid stated an  algorithm for computing the Greatest  common divisor of two integers.

Early Modern History

The next  group of researchers  are those 19th and early 20th century  scientists who were interested in machines for computation.

The first of these is Charles Babbage who, between 1820 and 1850 designed two machines for computation. One relied on the  theory of finite differences and so  he called it his difference engine. Second one embodied many of the principles of a modern digital computer and this he called his analytical engine. But one concept it lacked was the idea of a stored program i.e. the program and data both  being kept in the computer memory.

One of the people  who collaborated with Babbage was Ada  Augusts. She  has  recently been recognized as the first  programmer and the new programming  language developed under  the sponsorship  of the united states Defence department.

A Leap Forward  The  1930s and 1940s  witnessed a creative  explosion in programming notations. Some  of these were theoretical in the  sense that  they were not  intended to be  used for actual calculations on a real computer. Many  others did important  work and  some even  developed compilers for their languages.

A Brief  historical Perspective

As we have seen that in the early days of computing. The computer was used mainly in  scientific applications. An  application was programmed by one person. The problem to be solved was well understood and requirement analysis design or maintenance  phases  were not  needed. Therefore a programming language only need to support one  programmer who was programming. But then to use more sophisticated environment the  need for teams of programmers arose to develop all phases of the software development  life  cycle. In addition to it economic considerations forced people  to enhance an existing  system to meet  the newly recognized needs because the old  system could not  be thrown  away. With this the program maintenance and system reliability because the important  issue and two factors were required to be concentrated that:

Systems were being developed  for users with little  or no computer background.

System were mow  being  applied uncritical areas such  as chemical or Nuclear poser  plants and patient monitoring where system failures can be disastrous.

Now we will proceed further in the evolution of programming languages by considering the following evolution categories: 

1. Early High Level Languages

2. Early Schisms

3. Consolidation

4. The Next Leap Forward

5. The Experimental70s

6. The 80 s and Object Orientation

7. The Current Stage

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