Introduction of System Fundamentals
System a term. Hides so many things in itself. The word system has come from the Greek word system which means an organized relationship among the components . a system is generally defined as.
A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.
The component may be either any physical part of the system or it may be any subsystem in a multi level structure. So it can be said, that a system is composed of subsystems which may themselves be made up of other subsystems. These subsystems are interconnected with each other in some way. The interconnections between subsystem are known as interfaces. Additionally a system and all subsystem must have their own boundaries. An example of a system is a computer system which is the collection of its components a keyboard a monitor , a mouse, etc. These components ( or subsystems) are linked with each other by means of some interfaces. Another example is a pen a pen includes three to four of its components its back part, front part, cap and a riffle, and proper interfacing is provided among its components.
As such the concept of system requires the system analyst to look at the system as a whole but the complete system is so large to be analysed in detail , so it is factored or partitioned into subsystems. In the figure first a system subsystems structure is shown. The partitioning of system components starts from the level. And continues until the subsystems are small enough in size to be processed easily. So it may go to the level . iIn figure first it is shown up to level 3 where a system has two subsystem A and B and A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3 and B4 are small components of these two subsystems.
Figure: System Subsystem structure
At the lowest level, the subsystem are small enough in size so that they can be processed directly. in such partitioning process, it leads to a very large number of input or output interfaces among the subsystems. The formula to calculate the number of interfaces is given as:
1/2n(n-1)
Where n is the number of subsystem.
Not all subsystem will interface but even a small number of subsystems can require a large number of interfaces. To overcome this problem the groupings of those components are made which have very close relationships with each other. This general description embraces a vast range of system .
Another aspect related to the subsystems is that subsystems may be either simpler or complex. For an example a system has subsystems1, 2, and 3,shows its 3 level structure.
Figure: Three level structure of a system
From the figure below ,it is easy to understand that subsystems 1 at level 2 is a simple one, which cannot be divided further whereas subsystems 2 and 3 the complex ones at level 2 which are needed to be further divided on. Comparative to subsystems 1, 2 and 3, a system at level 1 is a typical complex systems that is why if is needed to be partitioned.
Nowadays , the idea of systems has become more practical and necessary in conceptualizing the interrelationships and integration of operations especially when using computers. In system concerns , the man made systems who involve human factors to build the system involve inputs processes and output , and build the IPO model, as shown in figure below.
Figure: IPO model
A man made system has a set of interacting components responding to produce outputs. The processes in a manmade system usually employ various types of elements like physical procedural, conceptual, social etc. For an example a production system makes use of production equipments, production control procedures, rules and regulations of production and production employees. All types of systems follow this IPO model.
With this brief introduction of systems , we can imagine various type of systems with which we are surrounded by like a school , a car, a hospital, a hotel, a human body, an industry , a banking system an educational system, a transportation system, a library management system, the solar system , a computer systems and so on. Each one is a separate system and composed of their respective components.
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