Introduction to Structured Programming Concepts
Structured programming has been credited with everything from preventing tooth decay to curing athlete foot. When structured programming was first put forward, it was seen as the panacea for all ills. Although structured programming has not fulfilled every aspect of its early promise it has certainly led to improved code quality.
Structured programming is now part and parcel of most approaches to programming. It is widely accepted that it is not only the best but the only way to carry out programming. One view of structured programming is that it holds that programs should only be built from three components sequences ( normally written in the order in which the statements are to be executed ) selections ( normally written as if ..then ........else) and repetitions ( written as while ...do) the go to statement is by implication banned. In addition to this some significant principle of structured programming are also required.
Is this structured programming or something else ? it is merely programming without go to statements or is there something more ? to help answer these questions we will now discuss the following aspects one by one.
1. History of structured programming
2. Why the go to statement is considered harmful?
3. Some principles of structured programming
4. What is structured programming?
1. Histroy of Structured Programming
The development of structured programming took between 1966 and 1974. Three major events can be highlighted during this period:
1. The mathematical theory of 1966. In 1966 Boehm and Jacobin published an article that essentially showed that any software product that can be represented by a flowchart can be rewritten only three types of control structures which are sequence, selection and iteration. These control structures are shown in fig 6.21.
But the reaction of computer science committee to this result was so what ? The fact that a product could be put together using only a followed by ( sequence), it c then a else b ( selection ) and while co a (iteration ) was of interest to hardly anybody at the time. In1966 the popular and important language were COBOL IT. RORTRAN IV an dissembler and in all three of those language the go to statement was the major control structure. The fact that in principle was possible to program without the go to was just not relevant.
(b) Dijkstra 1968 Letter :In 1968 Dijkstra published a letter in the communication of the ACM entitled go to statement considered harmful. The letter caused a major furore. Many disagreed that the go to is harmful in any way letters of this types still appear form time to time. Other s said so what ? even if the go to should in fact be a avoided nothings could be done about it. In the popular languages or 1968 it was impossible to program without the go to.
After all there was no alternative to using the go to in assembler. Because structured programming had not yet been invented, structured FORTRAN and structured COBOL had not yet been developed: there was thus no alternative to the go to statement in either of those languages as well. And because few people had read Boehm and Jacobin article and fewer still had appreciated in full significance there was a third School of thought that it was impossible to program without the go to statement .
(c) Knuth Landmark Article of 1974:The arguments raged back and forth . it is surprising that no duels were fought over the issue such were the passions that structured programming evoked. Finally in 1974, Knuth published a 40 page articles entitled structured programming with go to statement . the little appears to be a contradiction in terms. But the point of the article is that structured programming is not go to less programming. Instead it is a way of making products more readable. In some cases module that contains a go to is easier t understand than its go to less counterpart.
This article ended the major controversy but the embers are still glowing and flare occasionally. Nevertheless the overwhelming preponderance of the software world is united in the view that go to statement are almost always harmful and should be avoided.
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