Introduction to Stepwise Refinement
The stepwise refinement process was proposed by Niklaus Wirth. Stepwise refinement is a top down approach where a program is refined as a hierarchy of increasing levels of detail .stepwise refinement is also called as stepwise program development or successive refinement. The Niklaus Wirth has defined the refinement as :
In each step (of the refinement) one or several instruction of the given program are decomposed into more detailed instruction. This successive decomposition or refinement of specification terminates when all instructions are expressed in terms of any underlying computer or programming language....... as tasks are refined, so the data may have to be refined, decomposed, or structured, and it is natural to refine the program and the data specification in parallel. Every refinement step implies some design decisions. It is important that .. the programmer be aware of the underlying criteria (for design decisions) and of the existence of alternative solution .
As originally described by Wirth stepwise refinement involves the following activities :
Decomposing design decisions to elementary details.
Isolating design aspects that are not truly interdependent.
Postponing decisions concerning representation details as long as possible.
Carefully demonstrating that each successive step in the refinement process is a faithful expansion of previous steps.
So, refinement defines the internal functioning details. The refinements process may be started during requirement analysis and completed when the detail of design is sufficient for conversion into code. Refinement is actually a process of elaboration. Like first we start with the initial concept and later on that concept can be more elaborated, described or defined.
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A large range of products means much more investment in terms of equipment in both fixed and working capital and larger sales attempts that all push up the cost of production and sales.
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