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  Stepwise Refinement

Introduction to Stepwise Refinement

The stepwise refinement process was proposed by Niklaus Wirth. Stepwise refinement  is a top down  approach where a program is refined as a hierarchy   of increasing levels of detail .stepwise refinement is also called as stepwise program development or successive  refinement. The Niklaus Wirth  has defined the  refinement as :

In each  step (of the  refinement)  one or several instruction of the  given  program are decomposed into more  detailed instruction. This successive  decomposition or  refinement  of specification terminates  when all  instructions are expressed in terms of any  underlying computer or programming  language....... as  tasks are refined, so the data may have to  be refined,  decomposed, or  structured, and  it is natural  to refine the program and the  data specification in  parallel. Every refinement step implies some design decisions. It is  important  that .. the programmer be aware of the  underlying criteria (for design decisions)  and of  the existence of alternative  solution .

As  originally described by Wirth  stepwise refinement  involves the  following  activities :

Decomposing  design  decisions to elementary  details.

Isolating design aspects that  are not truly interdependent.

Postponing  decisions concerning representation details as long as possible.

Carefully demonstrating that  each  successive step in the refinement process is a  faithful  expansion of  previous steps.

So, refinement defines the internal functioning details. The refinements process  may be  started during  requirement analysis and completed when  the detail  of design is sufficient  for conversion into code. Refinement  is actually  a process of  elaboration. Like first we start with the  initial concept and later on  that  concept can be  more elaborated, described or defined.

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