Introduction to Software Design Process
The software design process basically follows an ordered sequence of step which must be followed one by one to achieve final product. A software design process can be seen in many perspectives that are:
1 . Design Requirements and Criteria
2. Design Levels and Their Objectives
3. IPO Approach
4. Design Tools
1.Design Requirements and Criteria
A design for a software product should provide the information about the desired output required environment and economic conditions etc. So a design can also be regarded as a detailed plan for a solution to a problem. To follow the design requirements and criteria there is a generic design process whose steps are followed in sequence as shown in fig 5.10.
In this generic design process, design usually proceeds in levels. As the result from previous design level are achieved, then the process of design level starts step by step. First the appropriate data and information are collected which are related to the problem. Then an evaluation criteria is established to have physical realizations. Realization refers to the development of a solution to problem posed in the requirements.
At lest two realization are synthesized from them. Now the realization is analyzed, evaluated and ranked in terms of the established criteria. After that the best realization is chosen and proceed to next design level otherwise the realization, evaluation criteria and problem definition are revised until the best design is achieved.
At the completion of each step a review is planned. Reviews are planned to verify the outcome of each step.
2.Design Levels and Their Objectives
From a system perspective design process is stepped down as shown in fig 5.11, they are seen as a serried of discrete levels. Each level begins with a list of requirements and produces some form of realization which further acts as the input for next level.
This design process continues until the next realization is in a physical form that is the design level produces result that are in the form of a specification for a specific physical realization in hardware or software. At each level there is an elaboration of problem understanding an increase in the detail of problem space descriptions and a better appreciation of conditions limiting solution options.
Generally this process leads to an architecture or structure and progresses in top down manner. Then at each design level the architecture is an extension of the top level architecture.
3.Input/Process / Output (IPO) Approach
In this approach for each level or step a definite input is required transform to the input into a definite output. This approach is shown in fig 5.12, there is also a feedback path. By regarding each level and each step within each level as an input /process / output procedure , it is easier to concentrate on:
1. What product is expected from the design activity?
2. What must be done with the input?
3. Which type of inputs are required?
4.Design Tools
A number of tools are available to the designer to support design activities as shown in table5.1, some design tools shown a structured sequence of design step guide the designer and produce a documentation set that captures the subject design.
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Significant Terms used in Activity Based Costing - Cost Objects, Activities, Support activities, Cost Pool, Cost Drivers, Transaction Drivers, Duration Drivers, Intensity Drivers.
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