Introduction to Language and Efficiency
The need for efficiency has guided language design since the early days of computing many of the languages have had efficiency as a main design goal either internally or externally. For example FORTRAN originally was designed for a specific machine the IBM 704. The architecture of the IBM704 was the cause for many restrictions of original FORTRAN, such as the number of array dimensions or the form of expressions used as array indices. Some important issues related to the efficiency are:
1. Efficiency Measurement : Efficiency is no longer measured only by the execution speed and space. The effort required to produce a program or system initially and the effort required in maintenance can also be viewed as components of the efficiency measure.
1. Efficiency as a Combined Quality: Efficiency is often a combined quality of both the language and its implementation. The language adversely affects efficiency if it disallows certain optimizations to be applied by the compilers. So in this case we can give a relationship between the languages and efficiency as:
Language 1/ efficiency (less optimization to be applied in respect by compiler)
The implementation adversely affects efficiency if it does not take3 all opportunities into account in order to save space and improve speed. So the relation between implementation and efficiency will be shown as:
Implementation 1/ efficiency (if less space and low speed)
To understand the given concepts we consider the following example,
Example 26. In general a statement like:
A= fun (b) + C1+ fun(b):
It cannot be optimized as:
A= 2* fun (b) +C1:
Which would presumably be more efficient since it would call the function fun just once. The language feature that allows functions to modify global variable ( like C 1 in the example ) disallows such optimization.
Example 27. As another example the language can affect implementation efficiency by allowing multi threaded concurrent computations. An implementation adversely affects efficiency, if it doesn't memory space after it is released by the program.
The table6.2, shows a brief scenario for the major qualitites of a programming language and their brief description also.
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