Introduction to Graphical Design Notation
There are two graphical design notations to be used flow chart and box diagram that readily depict procedural details. If graphical tools are misused, the wrong picture may lead to the wrong software.
The flowchart is the most widely used graphical representation for procedural design. The flowchart is quite simple pictorial. A box used to indicate a processing step. A diamond represents a logical condition and arrows show the flow of control. Fig 5.29, show various flowchart constructs. Sequence is represented as two processing boxes connected by a line (arrow) of control. Condition, also called it then else is depicted as a decision diamond which if true causes then part processing to occur, and if false. Invokes else part processing. Repetition is represented using two slightly different forms.
The do while tests a condition and executes a loop task repetitively as long as the condition holds true. A repeat until executes the loop task first then tests a condition and repeats the task until the condition is false. The selection ( or select case) construct shown in the fig 5.29, is actually an extension of the if then else. A parameter is tested by successive decision until a true condition occurs and a case part processing part is executed.
Referring to the fig 5.30 a repeat until forms the else part of an if then else shown enclosed by the outer dashed boundary. Another if then else forms the then part of the larger condition. Finally the condition itself becomes a second block in a sequence. By nesting constructs in this manner a complex logical scheme may be developed. It should be noted that any one of the blocks in figure could reference another module, thereby accomplishing procedural layering implied by program structure. That is all constructs have single entry and single exit.
In fig 5.31, the use of only structured constructs can introduce complications in logical flow. Assume that as part of process i. a condition z may arise that requires an immediate branch to process j. A direct branch violates the logical constructs by escaping from the functional domain of the repeat until of which process i is part. To implement the above branch without violation tests for condition z must be added to x7 and x8 . these tests occur repeatedly even if the occurrence of z is rare. We have introduced additional complications execution in efficiency. The dogmatic use of only the structured constructs can introduce inefficiency when an seascape from as set of nested loops or nested conditions is required.
Second graphical design tool the box diagram, evolved to develop a procedural design representation that will not violate the structured constructs. They are developed by Nassi and Shneiderman and extended by Chapin, the diagram ( also called Nassi shneiderman charts N-S charts or Chapin charts) have the following characteristics:
1. Functional domain (that is the scope of repetition or an if then else ) is well defined and clearly visible as a pictorial representation:
2. Arbitrary transfer of control is impossible.
3. The scope of local and or global data can be easily determined, and
4. Recursion is easy to represent
Various box diagram constructs are shown in fig 5.32, sequence is represented as two boxes are connected bottom to top. To represent an if then else, a condition box is followed by then part and else part boxes. Repetition is depicted with a bounding pattern that encloses the process ( do while part or repeat until part) to be repeated. Finally selection is represented using the graphical form shown at the bottom of the figure. A box diagram is layered on multiple pages as the processing elements of a module are refined. A call to a subordinate module can be represented by a box with the module name enclosed by an oval.
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