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  Graphical Design Notation

Introduction to Graphical Design Notation

There are two  graphical design notations to be used  flow chart and box diagram that  readily depict procedural details. If graphical tools  are misused, the wrong picture may  lead to the wrong software.

The  flowchart is  the most widely used graphical  representation  for procedural design. The flowchart  is quite simple pictorial. A box  used to  indicate a processing step. A  diamond represents a logical condition and arrows show the flow of control. Fig 5.29, show various flowchart constructs. Sequence is represented as  two processing  boxes connected by a line  (arrow) of control. Condition, also called  it then  else is depicted as a decision diamond which  if true causes then part processing to occur,  and if  false. Invokes else part processing. Repetition is represented using  two slightly different  forms.

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The  do while  tests a condition and  executes a loop task repetitively as long as the  condition holds true.  A repeat until executes the loop task first then tests a condition  and  repeats the task until the condition is false. The selection ( or select case)  construct shown in the fig 5.29, is actually an extension of the if then else. A parameter is  tested by  successive decision until a true  condition occurs and a case  part processing part is  executed.

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Referring to  the fig 5.30 a repeat until forms the else part of an if then else shown enclosed by the outer dashed boundary. Another if then  else forms the then  part  of the larger condition. Finally the condition itself becomes a second block in a  sequence. By  nesting constructs in this manner a complex logical scheme may be developed. It  should be noted that any one of the blocks in figure could reference another  module, thereby accomplishing procedural layering implied by program structure. That  is all constructs have single  entry and single exit. 

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In fig 5.31,  the use of only structured constructs can  introduce complications in logical flow. Assume that as part of process i. a condition z may arise that  requires an immediate branch to process j. A direct branch violates the logical constructs by escaping from the functional  domain of the repeat until of which process i is  part. To  implement  the above  branch without  violation  tests for condition z must  be added to  x7 and x8 . these tests occur repeatedly even if  the occurrence of z is rare.  We have  introduced additional complications execution in efficiency. The dogmatic use of only the structured constructs can introduce inefficiency when  an seascape from  as set  of nested loops or nested conditions  is required.

Second  graphical  design tool the  box  diagram, evolved to develop a procedural design representation that  will not violate the  structured constructs. They are developed by  Nassi and  Shneiderman and extended by Chapin, the diagram ( also called Nassi shneiderman charts N-S charts or Chapin charts) have the following  characteristics:

1. Functional domain (that is the scope of repetition or an if then else ) is well defined and  clearly visible as a pictorial representation:

2. Arbitrary transfer of control is impossible.

3. The scope of local and or global data can be easily determined, and

4. Recursion is easy to represent

Various box diagram constructs are shown in fig 5.32, sequence is represented as two  boxes are connected bottom to top. To represent an if then else, a condition box is followed by then part and else part boxes. Repetition is depicted with a bounding pattern  that encloses the process ( do while part or repeat until part) to be repeated. Finally  selection is  represented using the graphical form shown at the bottom  of the figure.  A box  diagram is layered on multiple pages as the processing elements of a module are refined. A call to a subordinate module can  be represented by a box with  the module name enclosed by an oval.

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