Introduction to Decomposition and Modularity
To design system is to determine a set of components and inter component interface that satisfy a specified set of requirements. Basically there are many methods to create good designs, however very design method involves some kind of decomposition starting with a high level depiction of the system key elements and creating lower level looks at how the system feature and functions will fit together.
Wasserman has suggested that designs can be created in five ways:
1. Modular Decomposition: This construction is based on assigning functions to components. Here the designer begins with a high level description of the function that are to be implemented and builds lower level explanations of how each components will be organized and related to other components.
2. Data oriented Decomposition: This design is based on external data structures. The high level descriptions depict general data structures and lower level descriptions provide detail on what data elements will be involved and how they are related.
3. Event oriented Decomposition: This design is based on events that the system must handle and uses information about how event changes the system state. The high level description catalogs the various states and lower level description describe how state transformation take place.
4. Outside in Design: This approach his based on use inputs to the system. The high level description lists all possible inputs a user can make and lower level descriptions address, what is done with input and what outputs are produced .
5. Object oriented Design: This design identifies classes of objects and their interrelationships . at the highest level each object type is described. At lower levels , the object attributes and actions are discussed and the design explains how objects are related to one another.
These levels are shown in fig 5.3,
No matter which the design approach is used each kind of decomposition separates the design into composite parts, called modules or components. So a module is defined as :
A complex system may be divided into simpler pieces called modules.
There are many definitions of the term module. they range from a module is a FORTRAN subroutine to a module is an ada package to a module is a work assignment for an individual programmer. A system that is composed of modules is called modular. So in a modular system, each activity of the system is performed by exactly one component and inputs and outputs of each components are well defined.
Now modularity can be stated as modularity is the single attribute of software that allows a program to be intellectually manageable. The main benefit of modularity is that it allows the principle of separation of concerns to be applied in two phases: when dealing with the details of each module in isolation ( while ignoring details of other modules) and when dealing with the overall characteristics of all modules and their relationships in order to integrate them to make it as whole system. The system which follow the concept of modularity are called as the modular systems. Modular system consist of well defined , manageable in its with well defined interfaces among the units. Desirable properties of a modular system include:
1. Each processing abstraction is a well defied system that is potentially useful in other applications.
2. Each function in each abstraction has a single well define purpose.
3. Each function manipulates not more than one major data structure.
4. Functions share global data selectively it is easy to identify all routines that share a major data structure .
5. Function that manipulate instances of abstract data types are encapsulated with the data structure being manipulated.
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Batch costing is employed in which units of a product are manufactured in batches and employed in the assembly of the finishing product.
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