Arithmetic:
The arithmetic operators are the typical `+', `-', `*', and `/' (that is, truncating integer division if the operands are both int), and the remainder or the mod operator `%':
x = a%b;
Sets x to the remainder subsequent to a is divided by b (that is, a mod b). The outcomes are machine dependent unless a and b are both positive.
In arithmetic, char variables can generally be treated like int variables. Arithmetic on characters is quite legal, and frequently makes sense:
c = c + 'A' - 'a';
transforms a single lower case ASCII character stored in c to upper case, making utilization of the fact that corresponding ASCII letters are a fixed distance apart. Rule governing this arithmetic is that all chars are transformed to int prior to the arithmetic is completed. Beware that conversion might include sign-extension when the leftmost bit of a character is 1; the resultant integer may be negative. (This does not occur with genuine characters on any present machine.)
Therefore to transform a file into lower case:
main( ) { char c; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' ) if( 'A'<=c && c<='Z' ) putchar(c+'a'-'A'); else putchar(c); }Increment and Decrement Operators:
In addition to the common `-', C as well has two other interesting unary operators, `++' (that is, increment) and `--' (that is, decrement). Assume that we wish for to count the lines in a file.
main( ) { int c,n; n = 0; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' ) if( c == '\n' ) ++n; printf("%d lines\n", n); }
++n is equal to n=n+1 however clearer, specifically whenever n is a complicated expression. `++' and `--' can be applied merely to int's and char's (and pointers that we haven't got to yet).
The unusual characteristic of `++' and `--' is that they can be employed either before or after a variable.
The value of ++k is a value of k subsequent to it has been incremented. The value of k++ is k previous to it is incremented. Assume that k is 5. Then
x = ++k;
increments k to 6 and then sets x to the resultant value, that is to 6. However,
x = k++;
first sets x to 5, and then increments k to 6. The incrementing result of ++k and k++ is similar, however their values are correspondingly 5 and 6.
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