Nuclear Reaction:
Nuclear reaction is the procedure whereby mass number or atomic number of target nuclei changes due to bombardment with projectile particles resulting in release of energy. Essential things for nuclear reaction are:
i) Target nucleus
ii) Projectile example 10n, 11H, 42He, 21H
X + x → Y + y + Q or X(x,y)Y
e.g. 147N(α, p) 177O
147N + 42He → 178O + 11H + Q
Kinds of Nuclear Reaction
1) F - Fission - X + x → y1 + y2
2) I - Inelastic nuclear reaction - X + x → Xk +x
3) T - Transmutation - X + x → Y + y
4) E - Elastic nuclear reaction - X + x → X + x
5) C - Capture - X + x → Yk
Physical qualities that are conserved in any nuclear reaction comprise:
1) Total electric change EZ = K
2) Total number of nuclei EA = K
3) Linear momentum EP = K
4) Sum of mass and energy E(mass + Ke)
5) Parity K
Q - Value Equation:
This is nuclear change or amount of energy released in the nuclear reaction. For nuclear reaction, the total rest mass and kinetic energy are conserved.
Example X + x → Y + y + Q
i.e [EX + mXC2] + [Ex + mxC2]
= [EY + mYC2] + [Ey + myC2] + Q
As target nucleus X is at rest, then equation turns to
[MxC2] + [Ex + mxC2] = [Ey + MyC2] + [Ey + MyC2] + Q
But Q = change in energy
Hence Q = Ex - (EY + Ey)
Q = [(MX + mx) - (MY + My)]C2
Q = Δmc2
Conventional Q-value Equation:
Applying principle of conservation of momentum
MxVx = MYVYcosΦ + MyVycosθ(x-direction)
O = MYVYsinΦ + MyVysinθ(y-direction)
Form E = P2/2m, p2 = 2mE
Thus, momentum mv = √2ME
Equation turns into:
(MxEx)1/2 = (MYEY)1/2cosΦ + (MyEy)1/2cosθ
O = (MYEY)1/2 sinΦ + (MyEy)1/2sinθ
Square equations and add:
MxEx = MyEYcos2Φ + MyEycos2θ
MxEx = MYEY + MyEy
Minimum energy projectile should have before it can induce nuclear reaction is known as threshold energy
Conservation of linear momentum:
MxVx = McVc
Vc = MxVx/Mc
But -Q = 1/2MxVx2 - 1/2McVc2
-Q = 1/2MxVx2 - 1/2Mc(Mx2Vx2/Mc2)
-Q = 1/2MxVx2[1 - Mx/Mc]
But Mc = MX + Mx
-Q = 1/2MxVx2[1 - Mx/(MX + Mx)]
-Q = 1/2MxVx2[(MX + Mx - Mx)/(MX + Mx)]
-Q = 1/2MxVx2[MX/(MX + Mx)]
Take 1/2MxVx2 = Ethr
-Q = Ethr[MX/(MX + Mx)]
Ethr = -Q x [MX + Mx/MX]
Ethr = -Q x [1 + Mx/MX]
Nuclear Fission Reaction:
This is the reaction that involves splitting of heavy nuclei in two or more lighter nuclei by bombarding heavy nuclei with thermal neutrons and it is generally accompanied with high energy released. Nuclides which can be fissioned by thermal neutrons as follow: 235U, 237U and 239Pu.
Only 235U takes place as expected while others are gotten from fertile materials. Procedure of conversion of fertile materials to fissionable material is referred to as breeder reaction. Energy released in the fission reaction is Q = Δmc2 = [(Σmi - Σmf)c2]
Nuclear Fusion Reaction:
This is a combination of two or more light nuclei to form heavier one and this involves supply of high energy. In which this energy will be able to beat coulombs force between them.
11H + 21H → 31H + γ + Q
And in doing so they should overcome potential barrier that is equal to
V = Z1Z2e2/4πε0r
V = 0.15Z1Z2Mev, for r = 10-14m
This type of energy (109k) can only be attained during nuclear explosions that are not practicable. Generally at this temperature, atoms exist as ions and are collected as plasma. Due to high temperature, it is also referred to as thermonuclear reaction.
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online physics tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
www.tutorsglobe.com offers statement of cash flow homework help, statement of cash flow assignment help, statement of cash flow projects help, accounting tutoring by qualified tutors.
Operating Point tutorial all along with the key concepts of Biasing circuit, Base-collector junction, base-emitter, forward-biased, reverse-biased, Cut-off-Open Circuit Condition, Saturation-Short Circuit Condition, Active Region, p-region voltage, n-region
petrochemicals from natural gas tutorial all along with the key concepts of chemical based on direct reactions of methane, carbon disulphide, hydrogen cyanide, chloromethane, synthesis gas, shift conversion, methanation, methyl alcohol and naphtha-based chemicals
tutorsglobe.com pollination in salvia assignment help-homework help by online entomophily tutors
radioactivity and binding energy of nuclei tutorial all along with the key concepts of properties of nucleus, binding energy per nucleon, mass defect, nuclear stability, radioactive decay law, half-life, radioactive series, accelerators and detectors
Four-Vector Formulation of Electrodynamics tutorial all along with the key concepts of Transformation Properties of the Differential Operator, Four-vector Form of Continuity Equation, Four-vector Form of Maxwell's Equations, Transformation of Fields
Management Accounting uses the standard and practices of financial accounting and cost accounting additionally to other modern management methods for effective operation of a company.
tutorsglobe.com symbiotic-non symbiotic nitrogen fixation assignment help-homework help by online non-biological fixation tutors
units and dimensions tutorial all along with the key concepts of fundamental quantities, derived quantities, scalars and vectors, addition and subtraction of scalars, addition and subtraction of vectors, vectors acting in the same line, vectors inclined at an angle
Advance Organic Chemistry tutorial all along with the key concepts of Use of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology, Chemical, Chemical, Pharmaceutical
tutorsglobe.com cholesterol biosynthesis assignment help-homework help by online lipid metabolism tutors
www.tutorsglobe.com offers Data Modelling homework help, assignment help, case study, writing homework help, online tutoring assistance by computer science tutors.
Directors’ share option schemes have been a popular method of rewarding the directors of large listed companies and several arguments have been put forward to support their use.
Interim financial statements were primary published in the US (united state) at the turn of the last century and began to come out in the UK (United Kingdom) in the 1950s.
satellites can be categorized through their functions. satellites are launched into space to perform a particular task.
1956395
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1473075
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!