Nuclear Models:
These are just meant to explain nuclear forces in nucleus of an atom. All that is known about nuclear force is that:
i. Short range of operation of order of ≈10cm
ii. Independent of charge i.e. exists equally between proton and neutron.
iii. Strong force which can overcome Coulomb force.
iv. It is repulsive force to certain extent to prevent collapse of nucleus.
Development of nuclear models is connected with two observations i.e. stability of nuclides with number of protons or neutrons equal to any one of magic number and relation between binding energy and mass number have been utilized as tests for validity of models. These are:
i. Liquid drop model
ii. Shell model or independent particle model
iii. Collective model.
Liquid Drop Model:
In liquid drop model, nuclei are considered to act like drops of incompressible liquid, i.e., like drops of very high density (density of order of 1014kg/m3). With this point of view and using concepts from classical physics (i.e. physics of continua), concepts like surface tension and surface energy, volume, and energy predictions are made about overall behaviour of nuclides. One of predictions, as mentioned above, is about relation between binding energy and mass number for nuclides.
Using liquid drop point of view, binding energy of nuclide would be consequential of five energies, volume energy (Ev), surface energy (Es), the energy due to asymmetry (i.e., deviation from a stable configuration), (Ea), the energy due to even-odd combination of nucleons in a nuclide, (Eδ) and coulomb energy (for protons), (Ec). With this, the total binding energy for a nuclide is
B.E = Ev + Es + Ea + Eδ + Ec
The relations for Ev, Es, Ea, Eδ, Ec are
Ev = CvA
Es = -CsA2/3
Ea = -(Ca[(A-Z) - Z]2)/A = -Ca(A - 2Z)2/A
Eδ = δ/2a= for even-even nuclides;
0 = for even-odd or odd-even nuclides;
-δ/2a = for odd-odd nuclides.
Ec = -4CcZ(Z - 1)/A1/3
Where Cv ≈ 14MeV
Cs ≈ 13.1MeV
Ca ≈ 19.4MeV
δ ≈ 270MeV
Cc ≈ 14MeV
Mass of nuclide is provided by:
Mn = (A - Z)mn + Zmp - B.E/c2
This relation is referred to as semi-empirical mass relation. Such predictions by liquid drop model and other predictions like predictions about fission of nuclides are in agreement with observation.
Shell Model:
In shell model, nucleons are treated as individual particles existing within potential created by nucleons of nuclide. Therefore shell model is also referred to as independent particle model. This is like treatment of electrons of atoms in atomic physics. In shell model of nuclear physics though, potential is because of both electromagnetic potential and nuclear potential. Therefore, potential that nucleon finds itself in nuclide is
V(r) = Vn(r) = -V0(1 + e-(r-R)/a) for a neutron
V(r) = Vn(r) + Ve(r) = -v0(1+e-(r-R)/a) + Ve(r) for a proton
V(r) = Ze2/4πε0Re[1 + 1/2(1-(r/Re)2)], for r < Re;
Ze2/4πε0r for r≥Re
Where V0 = 57 ± 27(A-2Z)/A MeV
(+) for protons and (-) for neutrons R = 1.25A4/3F, a constant for a nuclide a = 0.65F, a constant
With this relation for potential and assumption that for nucleons there is strong spin orbit coupling, solving Schrodinger's equation for nucleons in nuclides predicts fact that for values of Z or (A-Z = 2,8,20,28,50,82,126, and 184 there would be closed shells, that is stable nuclides in agreement with what is seen experimentally.
Collective Model:
The term collective model is utilized to involve any model which handles only with collective behavior of nucleons. In view of this, even liquid drop model can be looked on as collective model. Term is utilized with any model which takes collective effects in account.
Nuclide can have rotational energy or vibrational energy. In both cases, energies will be integer multiples of the phonon hvλ. With this, in overall modeling of structure of nuclei, first making certain suppositions about nature of nuclei, Hamiltonian for the certain model is derived. Then Hamiltonian is solved and wave function for nuclide or nucleon of interest determined. Then forecasts with wave function are compared with experimental observation. From this, model is estimated depending on degree of agreement and disagreement. Experimental observation which played the significant role in development of collective nuclear model is that of photonuclear reaction, happening of giant resonances in photonuclear reactions. For collective behaviour of nucleons, nuclides are considered to comprise of two fluids: Proton fluids and neutron fluids. Proton and neutron liquids could experience rotational and vibrational motion at their surfaces. In presence of electromagnetic fields there could be density fluctuations of density of proton Ρp(r,t), and density of neutron Ρn(r,t) and resulting dipole, quadruple, etc., resonances. This is because of fact that electromagnetic fields (and photons) react only with protons.
Additionally to the two collective behaviors, structure of nuclide can be affected by individual motion of individual nucleons comprising it. Putting the three factors together, Hamiltonian for nucleus is:
H^ = H^surface effects + H^giant resonance + H^interaction
Where H^s, Hamiltonian because of surface effects
H^gr, Hamiltonian because of giant resonance
Hamiltonian for nucleus is
H^s = H^s + H^gr + H^int & H^s = H^vib + H^rot
Thus H^ = H^vib + H^rot + H^gr + H^int
For individual particle (nucleon), Hamiltonian would be sum of Hamiltonian of collective motion, Hamiltonian of individual particle and Hamiltonian that considers interaction between individual motion and collective motion. Therefore for particle,
H^ = H^part + H^coll + H^int
In collective models, thus individual particles move in deformed shell potential and nucleus as a whole act like incompressible fluid with motions (vibratory and rotational) being influenced and affected by motion of individual particles inside nuclei.
Tutorsglobe: A way to secure high grade in your curriculum (Online Tutoring)
Expand your confidence, grow study skills and improve your grades.
Since 2009, Tutorsglobe has proactively helped millions of students to get better grades in school, college or university and score well in competitive tests with live, one-on-one online tutoring.
Using an advanced developed tutoring system providing little or no wait time, the students are connected on-demand with a tutor at www.tutorsglobe.com. Students work one-on-one, in real-time with a tutor, communicating and studying using a virtual whiteboard technology. Scientific and mathematical notation, symbols, geometric figures, graphing and freehand drawing can be rendered quickly and easily in the advanced whiteboard.
Free to know our price and packages for online physics tutoring. Chat with us or submit request at [email protected]
cell phone gives a wireless service that is hand held phone with built in antennas when we talk in a cell phone; cell phone registers our voice and converts the sound into radio waves.
the major functions of it is to separate the synchronizing pulses (shortly sync, pulses) from the composite video signal. class c amplifier is used for that aim.
Financial accountants generate financial statements based on usually accepted accounting principles of a respective country. Particularly cases financial statements have to be prepared as per to the International Financial Reporting Standards.
tutorsglobe.com five kingdom system of classification assignment help-homework help by online systematics tutors
Theory and lecture notes of Intercepts, Zeros, and Solutions all along with the key concepts of Complex Numbers, Solving Equations Algebraically, Linear Equations and Modeling. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Intercepts, Zeros, and Solutions.
Other intestinal protozoa tutorial all along with the key concepts ofBalantidium coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Luminal protozoa and Trichomoniasis
tutorsglobe.com energy released in nuclear fission assignment help-homework help by online type of nuclear reaction tutors
Need first-class Gender in Work and Society Assignment Help to attain high grades? Hire us now and score well at viable price range.
Dehydration of Alcohol tutorial all along with the key concepts of E1 mechanism for 2- Propanol, Reagents and Chemicals, Experimental procedure, The product analysis
tutorsglobe.com kingdom protista assignment help-homework help by online five kingdom system of classification tutors
tutorsglobe.com saving water assignment help-homework help by online fresh water crisis and management tutors
tutorsglobe.com costly price information assignment help-homework help by online intermediate microeconomics tutors
automatic frequency control stage automatically controls the variations in horizontal frequency. therefore it is known as automatic frequency control.
Theory and lecture notes of Probability all along with the key concepts of Complementary Events, Independent Events, Multiplication Rules, Mutually Exclusive Events, Properties of Probabilities, Theoretical Probability. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Probability.
rectify the weak sound (low volume) in am radio receiver - possible stages - power supply, audio amplifier and output., if amplifier and detector.
1949108
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1463496
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!