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Introduction to Solid-state chemistry

Solid-state chemistry is the analysis of the synthesis, structure and properties of solid phase materials, mainly, but not necessarily exclusively of non-molecular solids. It is also known as materials chemistry. So with solid-state physics, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, mineralogy, thermodynamics, electronics and materials science with a focus on the synthesis of novel materials and their characterization it has a strong overlap

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Synthetic methods

Oven techniques

High temperature technique is frequently used for thermally robust materials. For an instance, bulk solids are prepared using tube furnaces which allow reactions to be conducted up to ca. 1100 °C. Special equipment like-ovens consisting of a tantalum tube by which an electric current is passed can be used for even higher temperatures up to 2000 °C. These types of high temperatures are at times required to make diffusion of the reactants, but this depends on the system studied. A number of solid state reactions already proceed at temperatures as low as 100 °C.

Melt methods

One technique that is often used is to melt the reactants together and then later anneal the solidified melt. If the volatile reactants are involved the reactants are frequently put in an ampoule which is evacuated -often while keeping the reactant mixture cold example- by keeping the bottom of the ampoule in liquid nitrogen- and then sealed. Sealed ampoule is then put in an oven and given a definite heat treatment.

Solution methods

Through precipitation or by evaporation it is possible to use solvents to prepare solids. At times solvent is employed hydrothermally, that is under pressure at temperatures higher than the normal boiling point. The variation on this theme is the use of flux methods where a salt of relatively low melting point is added to the mixture to act as a high temperature solvent in which the desired reaction can take place.

Gas reactions

Several solids react with reactive gas species such as iodine, chlorine, oxygen etc. Others form adducts with other gases, for example CO or ethylene. These types of reactions are often carried out in a tube that is open ended on both sides and by which the gas is passed. Variation of this is to let the reaction take place inside a measuring device like a TGA. In that case Stoichiometry information can be obtained during the reaction, that helps in identify the products.

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