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  Second Law of Thermodynamics

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

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Second law of thermodynamics can be defined in many ways:

1) “It is not possible to build an engine that operated in a complete cycle will absorb heat from a single body and transform it entirely to work without leaving some changes in the working system”.
This is termed as the Kelvin–Planck statement of II law of thermodynamics.

2) “It is not possible to transmit heat from a cold body to hot body by a machine without performing some work”.
This is termed as the clausius statement of II law of thermodynamics.

3) ‘A procedure accompanied by raise in entropy tends to be spontaneous”. Such statement is termed as the entropy statement of II law of thermodynamics. Entropy is a measure of arbitrariness or disorder of the molecules of a system and it is a thermodynamic state function. A system always spontaneously modifies from ordered to a disordered state. Thus entropy of a spontaneous procedure is constantly rising.

4) “Efficiency of a machine can never be 100 percent”.

5) The heat effectiveness of any machine is specified by the value of ratio of output to input energies. Output can be in the form of any measurable energy or temperature change whereas input can be in the form of heat energy or fuel quantity that can be transformed to heat energy.

Therefore, % efficiency = (output/input) x 100

The machine can be a heat engine as well. Consider a heat engine that has an initial temperature T1 and final temperature as T2, then when T1 > T2 then, if some quantity of heat is being transformed into work, T2 is the lowered temperature.
The efficiency ‘η’ is specified by,

% efficiency = [(T1-T2)/T1] x 100

According to II law of thermodynamics it is not possible to have a machine or heat engine that converts the input energy entirely into output energy or output work without any quantity of heat or energy being absorbed by the engine.

Therefore, % efficiency can never be attained as cent percent.

∴ % efficiency = [1- (T2-T1)] x 100

By using II law, T2 < T1 % efficiency is less than 100.

 

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