Half life period

Half life period:

The time needed to disintegrate one half of any radioactive substance is termed as half life period (t½). The half life period (t½) of a radioactive substance is self-governing of initial concentration. It depends only on the disintegration constant (i.e., λ) of the radioactive element. t½ is employed to point out the relative stability of radioactive substance. When t½ is shorter, then faster is the rate of decay and therefore the substance is more unstable and vice-versa.

t½ = (0.693/ λ)

Average life, τ (Tau) = 1/ λ = (t½/0.693) = 1.44 t½

As radioactivity is a nuclear phenomenon, it should be associated with the instability of the nucleus.

An α - particle is equivalent to the bundle of two protons and two neutrons and therefore it is equivalent to the Helium nucleus (2He4).

β-particle is a rapid moving electron.

γ-radiation is a waver of very small wavelength with very high energy.

Radioactive decay series:

Radioactive heavy nuclei decay by a sequence of α - emission or β emissions, at last resultant in the formation of a stable isotope of lead. There are around 4 decay sequences.

4n     - Thorium series
4n+1 - Neptunium series
4n+2 - Uranium series
4n+3 - Actinium series

 

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