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  Entropy

Entropy and Entropy Change:

The entropy function ‘S’ in the second law of thermodynamics is demonstrated as below.

Entropy function ‘S’ symbolizes the ratio of the heat included (q) to the temperature (T) of the procedure. That is S = q/T. This relation is valid only for reversible procedures. When a system is modified from state 1 to state 2 at constant temperature and when δqrev is the heat included in the procedure, then entropy change of the process (ΔS) is specified by,

596_entropy1.jpg

Here the process is a reversible one. Entropy (S) and the change in entropy of the procedure (ΔS) are each state functions even although q and δq are path functions.

In a reversible procedure, entropy of universe stays constant.

S universe = S system + S surroundings = Constant

Entropy change (ΔS) can be derived for different thermodynamic processes as shown below:

Isothermal process (i.e., T = constant)

1731_entropy2.jpg

 
Isothermal and isobaric process (i.e., T and P = Constant)

2477_entropy3.jpg


Isothermal and isochoric process (i.e., T and V- Constant)

241_entropy4.jpg

The word ‘natural process means that the procedure is spontaneous and does not require to be induced. In order to determine whether a process is spontaneous or not, the entropy modifies of the system and the surroundings for the stipulated procedure is considered. When this change is positive that is, when the entropy of the universe rises, the procedure will occur irreversibly and spontaneously.

When the entropy change of the universe is zero or negative (i.e., ΔS < 0) the system will behave as non-spontaneous.

Whenever the external pressure is less than the internal pressure of a gaseous system, the gas expands suddenly. Whenever volume rises in expansion, the disorder in the movement of gaseous molecules raises. Therefore, spontaneous processes are related with raise in disorder. Whenever disorder in a procedure is favored it takes place spontaneously and we say, the entropy change is positive. Entropy is the measurement of microscopic disorder in the system and also symbolizes spontaneity.

 

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