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  Reaction Classification by Functional Group Homework Help - K-12 Grade Level, College Level Chemistry

Introduction of Reaction Classification by Functional Group

The atoms or small groups of atoms (generally two to four atoms) that demonstrate a characteristic reactivity when treated with certain reagents are called Functional group. To analyze a table of general functional groups and their class names. A specific functional group will approximately always display its characteristic chemical behaviour when it is present in a compound. Due to this reason, the discussion of organic reactions is frequently organized according to functional groups. The table offers a summarized look of the general chemical behaviour of the common functional groups. For reference, alkanes provide a background of behaviour in the absence of more localized functional groups.

Functional Class

Formula

Characteristic Reactions

Alkanes

C-C,   C-H

Substitution (of H, commonly by Cl or Br)
Combustion (conversion to CO2 & H2O)

Alkenes

C=C-C-H

Addition
Substitution (of H)

Alkynes

C≡C-H

Addition 
Substitution (of H)

Alkyl Halides

H-C-C-X

Substitution (of X)
Elimination (of HX)

Alcohols

H-C-C-O-H

Substitution (of H); Substitution (of OH)
Elimination (of HOH); Oxidation (elimination of 2H)

Ethers

(α)C-O-R

Substitution (of OR); Substitution (of α-H)

Amines

C-NRH

Substitution (of H);
Addition (to N); Oxidation (of N)

Benzene Ring

C6H6

Substitution (of H)

Aldehydes

(α)C-CH=O

Addition
Substitution (of H or α-H)

Ketones

(α)C-CR=O

Addition
Substitution (of α-H)

Carboxylic Acids

(α)C-CO2H

Substitution (of H); Substitution (of OH)
Substitution (of α-H); Addition (to C=O)

Carboxylic Derivatives

(α)C-CZ=O
(Z = OR, Cl, NHR, etc.)

Substitution (of Z); Substitution (of α-H)
Addition (to C=O)

This table does not include any reference to rearrangement, due to the fact that this type of reactions are found in all functional classes and are extremely dependent on the structure of reactant. In addition to this, a review of overall reaction patterns displayed in this table discloses only a broad and rather non-specific set of reactivity trends. This is not surprising, since three remaining types provide only a coarse discrimination (comparable to identifying an object like animal, the vegetable or mineral). Consequently, visible similarities may be failed to reflect essential differences. For instance, addition reactions to C=C are considerably distinct from additions to C=O, and substitution reactions of C-X proceed in very different ways, depending on hybridization state of carbon.

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