Introduction to Preparation of Carboxylic Acids
A carboxyl group's carbon atom has a high oxidation state. So, it is not shocking, that many of the chemical reactions employed for their preparation are oxidations. Such types of reactions have been discussed in earlier sections of this text and the below diagram summarizes most of these.
Two other helpful methods for preparing carboxylic acids involve carboxylation of Organometallic and hydrolysis of nitriles intermediates. As displayed in the below diagram, both procedures begin with an organic halogen compound and the carboxyl group eventually substitutes the halogen. Both procedures need two steps, but are complementary in that the nitrile intermediate in the first method is generated by a SN2 reaction, in which the cyanide anion is a nucleophilic precursor of the carboxyl group. The hydrolysis might be either acid or base-catalyzed, but the latter provide a carboxylate salt as the initial result. In the second method the electrophilic halide is first transformed into a strongly nucleophilic metal derivative and this adds to carbon dioxide (an electrophile). The primary result is a salt of the carboxylic acid, which has to then be released by treatment with strong aqueous acid.
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