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Introduction to Nomenclature

Nomenclature is a word that is applies to either a list of names or to system of principles, terms or procedures and terms related to the naming-which is the assigning of a word to a specific event, object, or property. Principles of naming differ from the relatively informal conventions of everyday speech to the internationally-agreed principles, recommendations and rules that govern the formation and use of the specialist terms that are used in scientific and other disciplines.

Naming "things" is a part of our usual communication using language and words: it is an aspect of everyday taxonomy as we differentiate the objects of our experience, together with their similarities and differences, which we classify, identify and name. Use of names, as the several different types of nouns embedded in dissimilar languages that connect nomenclature to theoretical linguistics, while way we mentally structure the world in relation to word meanings and experience relates to the philosophy of language.

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The study of proper names and their origins are known as Onomastics, which includes: anthroponymy is concerned with human names, the surnames and nicknames, personal names; the study of place names; and the etymology, derivation, history and make use of the names as revealed through comparative and descriptive linguistics is known as toponymy.

Scientific need for internationally-accepted, simple and stable systems for naming objects of natural world has generated several formal nomenclatural systems. Possibly best known of these nomenclatural systems are the five codes of biological nomenclature which govern the Latinized scientific names of organisms.

Definition & criteria

Nomenclature is the system of words that is used in particular discipline. It is used in respect of the giving names systematically following the rules to all known living. It is applied to various chemical components, usually that are used in hydrogen and carbon components.

Etymology

The word nomenclature is get derived from Latin nomen - name, calare; onoma meaning name and equal to Old English nama and Old High German namo that is derived from Sanskrit nama. The Latin word nomenclatura considered as a list of names as does the word nomenclator that can also represents a announcer or provider of names.

Onomastics and nomenclature

Study of proper names is known as onomastics, which has extensive scope that encompassing all languages, all names, all cultural and geographical areas. The variation between nomenclature and onomastics is not clear: the onomastics is an not familiar discipline to many people and use of nomenclature in an academic sense is also not generally known. Even though the two fields integrate, nomenclature concerns itself more with conventions and rules that are used for the formation of names.

The IUPAC Systematic Approach to the Nomenclature

At least two things should be done by rational nomenclature system. 1st, it should indicate, in a characteristic lattice of chains and rings how carbon atoms of a given compound are bonded together. 2nd, it should locate and identify any functional groups that are present in the compound. Because hydrogen is a general component of organic compounds from tetravalency of carbon, its locations and amount can be assumed and need not be specified in many cases. 
A set of logical rules used and devised by organic chemists to circumvent problems caused by arbitrary nomenclature is known as IUPAC nomenclature system. Knowing these rules and the given a structural formula, one should be able to write the exclusive name for each distinct compound. Similarly, given a IUPAC name, one should be able to write the structural formula. Generally, an IUPAC name will have three essential features:

• Root or base indicating a main chain or ring of carbon atoms found in the molecular structure.
• Suffix or the other element(s) designating the functional groups that may be present in the compound.
• Names of the substituent groups, other than hydrogen, that complete the molecular structure.

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