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Introduction to Cycloalkanes

One or more rings of carbon atoms are having by Cycloalkanes. The very simple instances of this class contain a single, unsubstituted carbon ring, and this form a homologous series is identical to the unbranched alkanes. The IUPAC names of this series' first five members are given in the table. The last column that is yellow in color gives the general formula for a cycloalkane of any size. Two hydrogen atoms, one from each end of the chain, must be lost if a simple unbranched alkane is converted to a cycloalkane. Therefore CnH2n is the general formula for a cycloalkane composed of n carbons. Than the equivalent alkane, a cycloalkane has two fewer hydrogens; each carbon is bonded to four other atoms so this type of compounds is still referred as to be saturated with hydrogen.

Examples of Simple Cycloalkanes

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Substituted cycloalkanes are named in a fashion very identical to which used for naming branched alkanes. The major dissimilarity in the procedures and rules occurs in the numbering system. Because all the carbons of a ring are equal, the numbering starts at a substituted ring atom.

IUPAC Rules for the Cycloalkane Nomenclature

1.   The ring supplies the root name for a monosubstituted cycloalkane and the substituent group is named as usual. A location number is not neccesary.

 2.   The ring may be named as a substituent group on an alkane if the alkyl substituent is large and/or complex.

 3.   If two distinct substituents are present on ring, they are listed in alphabetical order, and the 1st cited substituent is assigned to carbon no.1. The numbering of ring carbons after that continues in a direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) that affords the second substituent the lower possible location number.

 4.   If various substituents are presented on the ring, they are listed in alphabetical order. The Location numbers are assigned to substituents so that one of them is at carbon no.1 and the other locations have the lowest possible numbers, counting in either a counter-clockwise or clockwise direction.

 5.   The name is assembled, listing groups in alphabetical order and giving each group (if there are two or more) a location number. The prefixes tri, di, tetra etc. are used to designate various groups of similar type, are not considered when alphabetizing.

Small rings, like three and four membered rings, have important angle strain resulting from the distortion of the sp3 carbon bond angles from the ideal 109.5º to 60º and 90º correspondingly. This angle strain frequently improves the chemical reactivity of this type of compounds, leading to ring cleavage products. It is also significant to identifies that, with the exception of cyclopropane, cycloalkyl rings are not flat (plannar).

Hydrocarbons that are having more than one ring are general, and referred to as bicyclic (two rings), tricyclic (three rings) and generally, polycyclic compounds. The molecular formulas of this type of compounds have H/C ratios that get decreased with the number of rings. Generally, for a hydrocarbon composed of n carbon atoms associated with m rings the formula is: CnH(2n + 2 - 2m). In a polycyclic compound the structural relationship of rings can change. They may be independent and separate, or they may share one or two common atoms. Some cases of these possible arrangements are shown in the table.

Examples of Isomeric C8H14 Bicycloalkanes

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