Introduction to Benzene & Derivatives Electrophilic substitution
Chemical reactions where an electrophile displaces a group in a compound, usually but not always, hydrogen is known as Electrophilic substitution reactions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution is feature of aromatic compounds and is a significant way of introducing functional groups onto benzene rings. The other important reaction type is electrophilic aliphatic substitution.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
An atom appended to the aromatic ring, generally hydrogen, is substituted by an electrophile, in electrophilic substitution in aromatic compounds. The most significant reactions of this sort that occur are aromatic aromatic halogenation, nitration, aromatic sulfonation and acylation and alkylating Friedel-Crafts reactions.
Electrophilic aliphatic substitution
An electrophile displaces a functional group, in electrophilic substitution in aliphatic compounds. This reaction is identical to nucleophilic aliphatic substitution where the reactant is a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. The two electrophilic reaction techniques, SE1 and SE2 (Substitution Electrophilic), are also identical to the nucleophile counterparts SN1 and SN2. The substrate first ionizes within a carbanion and positively charged organic remains, in the SE1 course of action. The carbanion then rapidly recombines with the electrophile. The SE2 reaction technique has a single transition state in which the old bond and the newly formed bond are both exist.
The significant stability of the unsaturated hydrocarbon benzene has been discussed in a previous section. The benzene's chemical reactivity distinguish with that of the alkenes in that substitution reactions take place in preference to addition reactions, as demonstrated in the diagram (some comparable reactions of cyclohexene are displayed in the green box).
Several other substitution reactions of benzene have been observed, the five most helpful are listed below in the table (bromination and chlorination are the most general halogenation reactions). Since the reagents and conditions used in these reactions are electrophilic, these reactions are generally cinsidered as Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. The co-reagents and catalysts serve to generate the strong electrophilic species required to influence the initial step of the substitution. The particular electrophile believed to function in each type of reaction is listed in the right hand column.
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total no. of coils = 24/4= 6; coils per phase = 12/3= 4; no. of coils of groups per phase = 3 x 2 = 6
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