Introduction to Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
Covalent bonding's more detailed model requires a consideration of valence shell atomic orbitals. For the elements of second period like oxygen, carbon and nitrogen, these orbitals have been designated 2s, 2px, 2py & 2pz. Spatial distribution of electrons that is occupying each of these orbitals is displayed in the diagram.
The carbon's valence shell electron configuration is 2s2, 2px1, 2py1 & 2pz0. In the covalent bonding if this was a configuration that is used, then the carbon would only be able to form two bonds. In this case, valence shell would contain six electrons- two shy of an octet. Even Though, the tetrahedral structures of carbon and methane tetrachloride demonstrate that carbon can form four equivalent bonds, leading to desired octet. The Linus Pauling proposed an orbital hybridization model to describe this covalent bonding, in which all the valence shell electrons of carbon are reorganized.
Hybrid Orbitals
The 2s and three 2p orbitals are converted to four equivalent hybrid atomic orbitals to explain the structure of methane (CH4), each one having 25% s and 75% p character, and represented as sp3. These hybrid orbitals have a particular orientation and four are naturally oriented in a tetrahedral fashion. So, the four covalent bonds of methane consist of shared electron pairs with four hydrogen atoms in a tetrahedral configuration, by the theory of VSEPR this can be predicted.
Molecular Orbitals Like the valence electrons of atoms occupy atomic orbitals (AO), the shared electron pairs of covalently bonded atoms can be thought of as occupying molecular orbitals (MO). It is suitable to approximate molecular orbitals by mixing two or more atomic orbitals. Usually, that mixing of n atomic orbitals always generates n molecular orbitals. A simple example of MO formation is provided by Hydrogen molecule. In the picture, to give a sigma (σ) bonding (low energy) molecular orbital the two 1s atomic orbitals are combined and a second higher energy MO represented as an antibonding orbital. By two electrons of opposite spin the Bonding MO is occupied, result is being a covalent bond.
The notation that is used for molecular orbitals parallels that used for atomic orbitals. So, s-orbitals contain a spherical symmetry surrounding a single nucleus, and σ-orbitals have a cylindrical symmetry and include two (or more) nuclei. In case of bonds between second period elements, to form molecular orbitals, p-orbitals or the hybrid atomic orbitals having p-orbital character are used. For an instance, the sigma molecular orbital that serves to bond two fluorine atoms together is generated by the overlap of p-orbitals (part A below) and two sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon can be combine to give a similar sigma orbital, while by a pair of electrons these bonding orbitals are occupied, a covalent bond, sigma bond results. Even Though, we have ignored the remaining p-orbitals, their inclusion in the molecular orbital treatment does not lead to any additional bonding, as may be displays by activating fluorine correlation picture below.
One instance of the benefit offered from the molecular orbital approach to bonding is the oxygen molecule. Here, the picture correctly describes the paramagnetic character of this simple diatomic compound. Likewise, the diagram of the orbital correlation for methane provides one more example of the variation in electron density predicted by molecular orbital calculations from that of the localized bond model.
By the red and blue colored spheres or ellipses, P-orbitals in this model are represented, which stand for the different phases, described by the mathematical wave equations for this type of orbitals.
At last, in case of carbon atoms with only two bonding partners, for the sigma bonds only two hybrid orbitals are needed and these sp hybrid orbitals are directed 180º from each other. The Two p-orbitals not used on each sp hybridized atom and these overlap to give the two pi-bonds
Following formation of a sigma bond (a triple bond), such as shown in the diagram.
Email based Atomic and Molecular Orbitals Homework Help -Assignment Help
Tutors at the www.tutorsglobe.com are committed to provide the best quality Atomic and Molecular Orbitals homework help - assignment help. They use their experience, as they have solved thousands of the Atomic and Molecular Orbitals assignments, which may help you to solve your complex Atomic and Molecular Orbitals homework. You can find solutions for all the topics come under the Atomic and Molecular Orbitals. The dedicated tutors provide eminence work on your Organic Chemistry homework help and devoted to provide K-12 level Chemistry to college level Chemistry help before the deadline mentioned by the student. Atomic and Molecular Orbitals homework help is available here for the students of school, college and university. TutorsGlobe assure for the best quality compliance to your homework. Compromise with quality is not in our dictionary. If we feel that we are not able to provide the homework help as per the deadline or given instruction by the student, we refund the money of the student without any delay.
Qualified and Experienced Atomic and Molecular Orbitals Tutors at www.tutorsglobe.com
Tutors at the www.tutorsglobe.com take pledge to provide full satisfaction and assurance in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals homework help. Students are getting Chemistry homework help services across the globe with 100% satisfaction. We value all our service-users. We provide email based Atomic and Molecular Orbitals homework help - assignment help. You can join us to ask queries 24x7 with live, experienced and qualified Chemistry tutors specialized in Atomic and Molecular Orbitals.
labour economics assignment help is here with phd tutors to resolve your problems and to help you to score a++ grades.
Classification of Algae-I tutorial all along with the key concepts of Criteria for categorization of Algae, Prokaryotic Algae, Eukaryotic Algae, Division CHLOROPHYTA, Division PHAEOPHYTA, Division RHODOPHYTA and Division XANTHOPHYTA
Electrical Conductivity and Real Semiconductors tutorial all along with the key concepts of Dependence on temperature, Mobility versus temperature, Band structure of real semiconductors and Excitons
www.tutorsglobe.com offers free tutorial and concepts of introduction to game theory, characteristics of game theory, limitations of game theory, properties of a game and classifications, get solved homework assignment help in game theory.
The key purpose of IAS 10 is to clarify while financial statements should be adjusted for events that occur after the reporting period (or accounting period).
Plant Hormones tutorial all along with the key concepts of Introduction to Cytokinins, Effects of Cytokinins, Cytokinins and Calcium, Ethylene, Effects of Ethylene, Ethylene and Auxin, Abscisic Acid, Effects of Abscisic Acid, Hormonal Interactions
electronic configuration tutorial all along with the key concepts of electronic configuration of atoms, electronic configuration of ions, electronic configuration and division of elements into blocks, s-block elements, p-block elements, d-block elements
tutorsglobe.com senescence assignment help-homework help by online abscission and senescence tutors
Calorimetry tutorial all along with the key concepts of Heat and temperature, Specific heat capacity and latent heats, Experimental methods of Calorimetry and Applications of Calorimetry
The Photosynthetic Process tutorial all along with the key concepts of Photochemical Reactions, Cycle Electron Flow, Noncyclic Electron Flow, Biochemical Reactions, C4 Photosynthesis
Theory and lecture notes of Lock management all along with the key concepts of Lock management and Transaction management. Tutorsglobe offers homework help, assignment help and tutor’s assistance on Lock management.
if the ascertained voltage to the tv receiver circuits in fluctuating frequently, the transistors, capacitors, zanier diodes, lot and ics would be turned defective. to prevent this, a regulated power supply is essential for tv receivers.
P-N Junction Diodes tutorial all along with the key concepts of Zero Bias, Zero Biased Junction Diode, Reverse Bias, Zener Diode, Forward Bias and Non-Rectifying Junctions
construction of audio amplifier using tba 810 ic - assemble the circuit with the provided components.
We offer the most sought-after Topology Assignment Help at most apt prices with 24x7 support of PhD experts to secure A++.
1955718
Questions Asked
3689
Tutors
1473847
Questions Answered
Start Excelling in your courses, Ask an Expert and get answers for your homework and assignments!!