Monopoly:
Sources of Monopoly:
a) Control of Scarce Inputs (OPEC, DeBeers etc.)
b) Patents or Franchise / License Scheme (RN, MD, McDonald’s, Burger King etc.)
c) Government Enforced Barriers (NFL, MLB, NBA etc.)
d) Large Economies of Scale- Natural Monopoly
e) Merger and Acquisition (M&A)
f) Illegal ways to sustain monopoly power (Bribe, Lobby, Patent killing, etc.)
Short-Run Analysis:
a) Derivation:
MR (Q)= dTR (Q)/dQ= (P+Q) (dP/dQ) and FOC of profit maximization is MR(Q) = MC(Q)
So, P= MRQ –Q(dP/dQ)> MC(Q)(dP/dQ <0)
Marginal cost and price elasticity of demand: Inverse Elasticity Pricing Rule (IEPR)
At point M, MR(Q) = MC(Q). According to Amoroso-Robinson formula, we know:
The l.h.s. of above equation is the monopolist’s optimal markup of price over marginal cost, expressed as a percentage of the price.
For this reason, this equation is called the inverse elasticity pricing rule(IEPR). And l.h.s. is called Lerner Index of market power.
Monopolist’s Demand for Inputs:
If the input market is competitive then this monopolist must take prices of inputs as given. We can simply derive the relationship using profit as a function of L and K not Q. Let TR(⋅) and TC(⋅) denote total revenue and total cost function, respectively. Then, we know:
TR = TR(Q) = TR( f (L, K)) and TC = wL + rK . Based upon these expressions, we can get
π = π (L, K) = TR(L, K) − TC(L, K)
(some textbooks are using MPP (marginal physical product) instead of MP) So, the final expression can be:
MRPL (L,K)= MR(Q). MPL (L, K) = w
MRP K(L,K)= MR(Q). MP K (L, K)= r
where MRP is marginal revenue product, which is similar to VMP (value of marginal product, P⋅ MP ) in perfectly competitive goods market.
Now, we need to think how equation (1) is related to MR(Q) = MC(Q) . We have total cost function TC(Q) = C( f (L,K)) ≡ wL + rK .
Differentiating this function w.r.t L and K,
2º: SOC would be MRP MRP LL KK < 0, < 0
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If we intimately monitor these limitations it can be understood that these are the operational problems and not essential problems in the system.
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