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  Portal of entry

Portal of entry:

Ingestion: (GI tract)

Through the mouth and gastro intestinal tract, by ingestion bacteria can go into the body all along with food and water. Species of Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Brucella, Clostridia, Listeria, Bacillus and E.coli and so on are some of the illustrations of the bacteria which can enter via GI tract.

Inhalation: (Respiratory tract)

Through nose and respiratory tract most bacteria enter the body and cause diseases. Species of Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Legionella, Bordetella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Streptococci, Haemophilus, and so on enter via respiratory tract. The natural defenses existed in the respiratory tract are the mucus, ciliated epithelial cells, and lysozyme in the secretions. The organisms get fixed in the mucus and do not move freely. Ciliary movement of ciliated epithelial cell pushes the organisms to the external and the lysozyme cleaves the cell wall of gram positive bacteria. Though many bacteria are unaffected and hold mechanisms to evade such defenses.

Trauma: (Skin)

The skin has a thick horny coating of cells which protects the body from infection. Cuts in the skin generated accidentally or surgically or kept open with catheters or other surgical appliances give a way for the bacteria to gain access to the susceptible tissues underneath. Staphylococcus aureus and S.epidermidis that are part of normal skin flora can enter the body via the break in the skin.

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                                                              Figure: Portal of entry of bacteria


Needle stick:

Through accidental damage with needle and other sharp materials such as thorns bacteria can enter the body. S.aureus, Ps.aeruginosa and so on might enter the body via this means.

Arthropod bite:

Most of the bacteria enter the body via bite of an arthropod. For illustration Borrelia burgdoferi is transmitted via the bite of tick, Borrelia recurrentis via the bite of lice, Yersinia pestis via flea and so forth.

Sexual transmission:

Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Chlamydia trachomatis are few of the organisms transmitted via sexual contact.

Congenital transmission:

Some organisms acquire transmitted from the mother to the fetus via the placenta. Treponema pallidum acquires transmitted from the mother to the fetus and causes congenital syphilis.

 

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