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  Laboratory Diagnosis and treatment

Laboratory Diagnosis and treatment:

Laboratory Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of HIV infection can be completed by virus isolation, antigen detection, and performing PCR. (i.e., Polymerase Chain Reaction), Serological test and Test for immunodeficiency are completed.

Modes of transmission:

HIV is transmitted by the methods illustrated. Sharing of needles in drug addicts, Sexual contact with infected persons, by blood and blood products, needle stick harm in health care workers and from infected mother to baby.

Prevention:

1. The best technique of checking sexual transmission of HIV is health education concerning the danger of promiscuity and other big risk activities.

2. Persons treating in high risk sexual practices must be counseled concerning ‘safer sex’. The utilization of condoms offers considerable however not complete protection. The risk of HIV transmission rises with multiple partners.

3. Screening of blood donors is now obligatory. To remove complete danger in transfusion of blood and blood products p24 antigen screening is completed.

4. Any person treating in high risk practices must be restricted from semen, donating blood, cornea, bone marrow and other organs.

5. The utilization of disposable syringes, needles and other tools must be mandatory.

6. Medical and nursing personal must take adequate precaution against the danger of ‘needle-stick’ damage.

7. To prevent vertical transmission from mother to baby, infected women must be advised against pregnancy. HIV is seldom transmitted via breast milk.

8. Normal social and domestic contact such as hugging, shaking hands, putting cheeks altogether or dry kissing are safe. There is no confirmed confirmation of transmission via mosquitoes, saliva, bed bugs, and other blood sucking insects, air, food, water or fomites.

Prophylaxis:

No specific vaccine is obtainable. The high mutability, diverse antigenic kinds and subtypes, long latency and persistence in infected cells as ‘Provirus’ pose severe problems in the development of vaccines.

Treatment:

Approaches to the treatment of AIDS comprise, the treatment and prophylaxis of infections and tumors. Prompt diagnosis and suitable treatment of opportunistic infections and tumors in the early phase of AIDS helps the patients to resume normal life between episodes of illness. General management of the patient needs the understanding and cooperation of the health staff and relatives at home. Immuno restorative therapy like administration of interleukin-2, thymic factors, leucocyte transfusion and bone marrow transplantation are not very obliging. Specific treatment with anti HIV drugs such as Zidovudine (i.e., Azidothymidine, AZT), Zalcitabine, Ritonavir, Didanosine, Lamivudine, Saquinavir, Indinavir are employed as monotherapy or in different combinations.

 

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