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  General Microbiology

General Microbiology:

Theory of Biogenesis:

Biogenesis (Gr. Bio-life; genesis: origin) means that life initiates from pre-existing life. This symbolizes that life does not occur spontaneously or formed from inanimate and abiotic objects by God. Biogenesis includes parental organisms identical to the one formed. On other hand Abiogenesis or Spontaneous generation theory recommends that life initiates spontaneously from different inanimate objects such as stone.

Early men out of superstition, unawareness and due to fear surrounding the life thought that living organisms were formed by God. In Greek mythology it was supposed that Goddess Gaea generated people from stones and other inanimate objects. It was also a faith that animals originated spontaneously from soil, plants or other different animals. Aristotle (384-322BC), the famous philosopher also taught similar. There were also others who advocated artificial propagation of bees based on the surveillance that meat exposed to warmth and air created maggots.  Recipes were also suggested for the manufacture of mice by putting few wheat grains, soiled linens and cheese into a receptacle and leaving it undisturbed. In reality the mice were not formed though attracted by the food. There were also intelligent and attentive men who doubted the spontaneous generation theory (Abiogenesis) and as a result there begin a controversy over the origin of life.

However the creation of man from stones was rejected, the appearance of maggots and worms in exposed food material stay unexplained.  Francisco Redi (1626-1697) explained by covering the meat in a jar by a gauze, the  flies  attracted  by  the odor laid eggs on gauze and maggots did not emerge in the meat underneath evidently showing that the origin of maggots in exposed  meat  was due to the flies. However still some people believed that minute microbes developing in meat originated spontaneously. John Needham (in 1749) exposed meat to hot ashes and found the appearance of bacteria that were not present originally and hence concluded that bacteria originated from meat. During similar time Lazarro Spallanzani showed that whenever beef broth was boiled for an hour and when flasks were sealed after boiling and incubated no microbes appeared. This proof failed to convince Needham who argued that air, necessary for the spontaneous origin of microbes was barred by sealing of flasks and hence no life appeared. This was answered around 60-70 years independently when Franz schulze (1815-1873) passed the air via strong acid solution and Theodore Schwann (1810-1882), passed air via red hot tubes before letting it into the infusions. Microbes did not exhibit in the infusions in both situations. It was argued that acid and heat demolished the vital force in air and therefore did not support growth. Schroder and von Dusch (1850) passed air via cotton into heated broth in flask in which no microbes appeared. The microbes existed in air were filtered out by the cotton and therefore no growth occurred. Therefore appeared the utilization of cotton plug in microbiological labs.

 

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