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  Antigenic variation

Antigenic variation:

Certain bacteria avoid the host’s immune defenses by antigenic variation. It was recognized that recrudescence’s of relapsing fever were related with reinvasion of the bloodstream by mutant borreliae after the development of an antibody response to the new strain. Gonococci have lately been shown to possess at least two mechanisms for modifying their surface antigens.

Integration of the action of virulence factors:

From the point of view of a micro-organism, pathogenicity is a means of enhancing transmission to new hosts and therefore the long-term survival of the strain. The ideal virulence factor is not one which leads to the death of the host, though one that maximally improves and prolongs infectivity. In the simplest life cycles, a pathogen requires a variety of activities is to be capable to enter the host, defeat its immunity methods, multiply, break out of the host again, survive in the world exterior, and restart the procedure; and many life cycles are much more complicated than this.

Entry into human body:

To establish an infection, bacteria should first gain entry into the body. Usual defense mechanisms and barriers, like skin, mucus, ciliated epithelium, and secretions having antibacterial substances (example, lysozyme), make it hard for the bacteria to gain entry into the body. Sometimes such barriers are breached (example, a cut in the skin, a tumor or ulcer in the bowel, bullet wound and so on), giving portal of entry for the bacteria. Most of the times bacteria have the means to overcome the barriers and attack the body. On invasion the bacteria can tour in the blood stream into other sites in the body.

 

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