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  D Block Elements

Introduction to D-block Elements

The D-block is the part of the periodic table that includes the element groups ranging from 3 to 12. These groups correspond to the filling of atomic d-orbital sub-shell of the second outermost shell (inside an outermost shell only including 1 or 2 s-orbital electrons) with electron configurations starting from s2d1 (Group 3) to s2d10 (Group 12). There are few irregularities in the order; for instance Cr is s1d5 (not s2d4) and the Group 11 metals are s1d10 and not s2d9, so that the d-subshell is in fact complete at Group 11.

The d-block elements are frequently also called as transition metals or transition elements. However, the particular limits of the transition metal region are generally not considered to be the same to the d-block. However some authors do recognize the complete d-block (groups 3 to 12) as transition metals, the highly define transition metals as elements with partially filled d subshells either in the neutral atom or in ions in common oxidation states. This definition matches to the including only Groups 3-11 as transition metals. Metals of Group 12 are deficient in the characteristic chemical and physical properties related with incomplete d subshells and are taken as post-transition metals. Jensen has evaluated historical use of the terms transition element and the d-block. IUPAC permits both the definitions.

In the s-block and p-block elements of the periodic table, same properties across the periods are usually not found: the most vital similarities inclined to be vertical, down the groups. However the d-block is distinguished in that horizontal similarities across the periods turn out to be significant.

Though lutetium and lawrencium are in d-block, they are not taken as transition metals but a lanthanide and an actinide, in that order, as per the IUPAC. Group 12 elements are also placed in d-block but at times considered as post-transition metals as their d-subshell is wholly filled.

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Classification of d-block Elements:

Depend on whether the last electron goes to 3d, 4d, 5d or 6d orbital, the d-block elements are categorized into four series. They are

a) 3d series or primary transition series (21Sc to 30Zn)

b) 4d series or Second transition series (39Y to 48Cd)

c) 5d series or Third transition series (57La and 72Hf to 80Hg)

d) 6d series or Fourth transition series (89Ac and 104Rf to 112) or Incomplete series.

 

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