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Introduction of Coordination complex

A coordination complex or metal complex in chemistry comprises of an atom or ion (usually metallic) and an adjacent arrangement of bound molecules or anions that are in turn called as ligands or complexing agents. Several metal-containing compounds includes coordination complexes.

Nomenclature and terminology

Coordination complexes are so persistent that the structure and reactions are explained in various ways, at times confusingly. The atom in a ligand that is bonded to the central atom or ion is known as the donor atom. The characteristic complex is bound to several donor atoms, which can be same or different. Polydentate (multiple bonded) ligands comprises of several donor atoms, in which some are bound to the central atom or ion. These complexes are called as chelate complexes, the formation of this sort of complexes is known as chelation, complexation and coordination.

The central atom or ion, combine together with all ligands includes the coordination sphere. The central ion or atoms and the donor atoms include the first coordination sphere.

Coordination refers to the "coordinate covalent bonds" (dipolar bonds) form among the ligands and the central atom. A complex implied a reversible relation of atoms, molecules or ions through these weak chemical bonds. As apply to the coordination chemistry this meaning has developed. Some of the metal complexes are produced almost irreversibly and many are combined together by bonds that are fairly strong.

 

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Application of coordination compounds

1.      They are helpful in photography, i.e. AgBr develops a soluble complex with sodium thiosulfate in photography.

2.      K[Ag(CN)2] is used in electroplating of silver and also K[Au(CN)2] is used for gold plating.

3.      Few ligands oxidise Co2+ to Co3+ ion.

4.      Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is useful in evaluation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in hard water.

5.      Silver and gold are extracted through treating zinc with cyanide complexes.

History

Coordination complexes were well-known, although not implicit in any sense - since the start of chemistry, Prussian blue and copper vitriol. The significant breakthrough takes place when Alfred Werner proposed in 1893 that Co(III) bears six ligands in octahedral geometry. His theory permits one to comprehend differences between coordinated and ionic in a compound, for example chloride in the cobalt ammine chlorides and to describe many of the beforehand inexplicable isomers.

In year 1914, Werner resolved the first coordination complex, known as hexol, into optical isomers, overthrowing the theory that only carbon compounds could owns chirality.

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