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Introduction to Coordination Chemistry

Coordination chemistry is the study of the compounds formed from metal ions and other neutral or negatively charged molecules like [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2ClNH3]2+ Cl22-. In this formation, Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)2ClNH3]2+ is called as a metal complex which is a charged species comprising of metal ion bonded to one or more groups of molecules. Bonded molecules are known as ligand.

  • Coordination Compound: compound including metal ion and appended groups, that are Lewis bases and may be polyatomic or monoatomic, anionic or neutral.
  • Ligand: The Lewis base bonded to a metal ion in the coordination complex

Ligands with one point of attachment are referred to as monodentate ligands

Ligands with the two (or more) coordinated atoms are referred to as bidentate (or polydentate) liagnds

  • Coordination number: the number of ligands coordinated or bind with metal ion
  • Coordination geometry (tetrahedral, octahedral, square planar): geometrical arrangements of ligands (donor groups) around a metal ion
  • Isomers: Structural isomer: composition is similar, but different atom connectivity

Stereo isomer: atom connectivity is same, but distinguished spatial arrangement of atoms.

Crystal Field Theory

In crystal field theory, the electron pairs on the ligands are taken as point negative charges that combines with the d orbitals on the central metal.  Nature of the ligand and the tendency for the covalent bonding is ignored.

The general metal complex is Ag(NH3)2+, formed when Ag+ ions are combined with neutral ammonia molecules.

      Ag+ + 2 NH3 -> Ag(NH3)2+

The complex Ag(S2O3)23- is made between silver ions and negative thiosulphate ions:

      Ag+ + 2 S2O32- -> Ag(S2O3)23-

Metal complexes are also known as coordination compounds. Their structures are important for data and properties. Compounds having equivalent chemical formula but different structures are known as isomers. Isomers with the dissimilar geometic arrangements of ligands are known as geometric isomers while isomers whose structures are mirror images of one another are known as optical isomers. When the beam of polarized light passes through optical isomers or their solutions, plane of polarization rotates in various directions. The beam moves or rotates to left for one isomer, and to the right for its mirror image.

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