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  Maintenance of Transformers

Introduction Maintenance of Transformers

The transformer is one of the very much reliable items of electrical equipment, requiring comparatively little attention; yet frequently even the minimum of attention is not provided, they as well occasionally breakdown due to neglect. The programme of inspection and maintenance is directed through the size of the transformer, place of installation, whether it is indoors or outdoors, if in a substation is it manned / unattended, the operating conditions and so on. The degree of attention needed depends greatly on how heavily or lightly the transformer is loaded. The intervals of inspection are pointed out as: hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, 3 monthly and half yearly, yearly, two yearly and five yearly. In main installations, by using air blast cooling or water cooling a daily test should be made of the ancillary installations such as air blowers, on-load tap changers, water pumps and the connected protective devices, etc.

Action to be taken if the oil temperature rises unduly:

Extreme oil temperature is the effect of overloading or insufficient cooling.  Switch on a larger unit for operation or put other unit in concurrent to share the load or obtain steps to decrease the load on the transformer. Test whether all the cooling systems are working correctly. Extreme temperature decreases life and so, if oil temperature rises unduly for any reason the transformer should be put out of service instantly, but the cooling fans, if any, should carry on to run until the oil temperature falls to usual.

Points to be checked if the oil level tends to fall down:

Transformer oil might leak at various points that are oil level gauge, cork packing below the top cover, drain cock, gasket, oil conservator connection, bolts in which a cable box is bolted in, and welded joints. Each oil leak should be traced to the source of it and remedial action taken to stop the leak. If gasket leak cannot be stopped through tightening the bolts, the gaskets should be changed. The finest material for gaskets is cork-rubber sheet of 5 mm thick. The surfaces among which the gasket is given should be quite flat and smooth, completely clean and free from scale, old paint, leftovers of glue and old gasket, grease or oil. The bolt tightness should be tested periodically. Occasionally slight oil leakage takes place at the welded joints. The correct point of leakage outside the tank can be located first through cleaning the surface carefully with a grease solvent / petrol / denatured alcohol, and after that coating the surface along with a thin a layer of chalk, cement paste in water or white wash, and permitting it to dry. Leakage of oil is after that readily revealed through the dark patch it forms. Creation of a few drops over a time period is not of any consequence and takes place in most transformers. If it is bad, the cracked / spongy weld may be repaired through welding in a metal patch. Be careful to guard against any explosions. If a hole presents in a casting it might be drilled and a tight brass plug driven in. It is no use using shellac like filler as it shrinks significantly while it dries. Later than completing the repairs, the oil level should be brought to needed level and a careful note made of the oil level for verification at the subsequently inspection.

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