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  Digital Computers

Introduction to Computers

An electronic device which retrieves, stores, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions is known as computer. A computer is a collection of software and hardware, and can available in a range of sizes and configurations.

Let us start with the term 'compute'. The meaning of that word is 'to calculate'. We all are well-known with calculations in our everyday life. We concern mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc. and several other formulae for calculations. Very simple calculations obtain less time. But complex calculations obtain much greater time. Other factor is accuracy in calculations. Thus man explored along with the idea to invent a machine that can perform this kind of arithmetic calculation faster and with full correctness. This gave birth to such type of device or machine is termed as 'computer'.

The computer we see nowadays is fairly dissimilar from the one made in the beginning. Several applications of a computer has raised, the speed and correctness of calculation has increased. You must be grateful for the influence of computers in our everyday life. For reservation in Air Lines and Railways, payment of bills of telephone and electricity, from banks deposits and withdrawals of money, business data processing, forecasting of weather, etc. are a few of the areas in which computer has become very useful.

Though, there is one restriction of the computer. Humans do calculations on their own. But computer is only a machine and it has to be provided proper instructions to perform its calculation. This is the reason for why we should know how a computer works.

ANALOG

An analogue signal employs a number of attribute of the medium to convey the information of signal. For instance, an aneroid barometer employs the angular position of a needle like the signal to express the information of changes in atmospheric pressure. Electrical signals might present information through changing their current, frequency, voltage, or total charge. Information is changed from some another physical form (like sound, light, pressure, position, temperature,) to an electrical signal through a transducer that converts one type of energy into another for example- a microphone.

The signals acquire any value from a specific range, and every exclusive signal value presents dissimilar information. Any alteration in the signal is significant, and every level of the signal presents a dissimilar level of the phenomenon which it presents. For instance, suppose the signal is being employed to present temperature, with one volt presenting one degree Celsius. In such type of a system 10 volts would present 10 degrees, and 10.1 volts would present 10.1 degrees.

Other method of conveying an analogue signal is to make use of modulation. In this, some base carrier signal comprise one of its properties altered: amplitude modulation (AM) includes changing the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform through the source information, frequency modulation (FM) alters the frequency. Other methods, like phase modulation or changing the phase of the carrier signal, are as well employed.

Analog systems are electronic systems along with a continuously variable signal, in difference to digital electronics in which signals generally take only two dissimilar levels. The word "analogue" defines the proportional relationship among a signal and a voltage or current that presents the signal.

DIGITAL

A data technology which uses discrete (discontinuous) values is termed as. By difference, non-digital (or analog) systems employs a continuous range of values to present information. Even though digital presentations are discrete, the information presented can be either discrete, like letters or icons, numbers, or continuous, like sounds, images, and another measurement of continuous systems.

The term digital comes from similar source like the word digit and digits (the Latin word for finger), as fingers are employed for discrete counting.

The term digital is very commonly employed in computing and electronics, particularly where real- world information is converted to binary numeric form like in digital audio and digital photography.

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