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  Antenna

Introduction to Antenna

A transducer which transmits or receives electromagnetic waves is known as an antenna (or aerial). Other words, antennas alter electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or vice versa. Antennas usually deal in the reception and transmission of radio waves, and are an essential part of all radio equipment.

Antennas are employed in systems like radio and wireless LAN, television broadcasting, cell phones, radar, point-to-point radio communication, and spacecraft communication. Antennas are most generally used in air or outer space, but may also be operated within water or even by soil. Actually an antenna is an arrangement of one or other conductors, generally called elements. In transmission an altering current is formed in the elements through applying a voltage at the antenna terminals that causing the elements to radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception the opposite happens: an electromagnetic field from other source makes an alternating current in the elements and a subsequent voltage at the terminals of antenna. To collect the radio waves several receiving antennas (like horn and parabolic types) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces striking them and direct or focus them onto the actual conductive elements.

A general antenna is a vertical rod a quarter of a wavelength long. Such types of antennas are easy in construction, generally not expensive, and both radiate in and receive from each horizontal direction (omnidirectional). One restriction of this antenna is that it does not receive or radiate towards direction in which the rod points.

This area is called the antenna null or blind cone.

There are two basic categories of antenna directional patterns that with reference to a particular to dimensional plane (generally horizontal [parallel to the ground] or vertical [perpendicular to the ground]) are either,

1. Omni-directional (radiates evenly in all directions), like a vertical rod (in the horizontal plane) or

2. Directional (radiates more in one direction rather than in the other)

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